Christopher Fennell

TL;DR: Fennell as discussed by the authors traces the dynamic legacy of the trans-Atlantic diasporas over four centuries, and it challenges existing concepts of creolization and cultural retention, examining some of the major cultural belief systems of west and west central Africa, specific symbols of the BaKongo and Yoruba cosmologies, development of prominent African-American religious expressions in the Americas, and the Christian and non-Christian spiritual traditions of German-speaking immigrants from central Europe.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply theories of group dynamics and individual agency to past material expressions of core symbols within particular African American religious beliefs, and demonstrate the ways in which facets of the core symbolic expressions of the BaKongo people of West Central Africa evolved over time and across the trans-Atlantic region.

TL;DR: A detailed examination of commonalities between folk religion beliefs and practices of African American and European American ethnic groups raises intriguing issues as discussed by the authors, including the general dynamics of ethnic group boundedness, how material culture communicates such ethnic identities, and how conjuration practices support or subvert ethnic group boundaries.

TL;DR: The authors examined archaeological studies of the cultural heritage and social dynamics of African descendant populations in the United States and Canada from AD 1400 through 1865, and found that European colonial enterprises expanded in Africa and the Americas during that time span, effecting an accompanying movement of free and captive Africans into North America.

TL;DR: In this article, the 19th-century impacts of racism and transportation developments on New Philadelphia, Illinois are explored by examining oral history, documentary, and archaeological evidence, and the lessons that emerge from these past social, economic, and racial dynamics are considered.