THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.

Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!

ACC
: American College of Cardiology
ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACS
: acute coronary syndrome
AF
: atrial fibrillation
AGNES
: Arrhythmia Genetics in the Netherlands
AHA
: American Heart Association
AMIOVIRT
: AMIOdarone Versus Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator:

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2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC)

The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Almost all mobile communication systems today use spectrum in the range of 300 MHz-3 GHz. In this article, we reason why the wireless community should start looking at the 3-300 GHz spectrum for mobile broadband applications. We discuss propagation and device technology challenges associated with this band as well as its unique advantages for mobile communication. We introduce a millimeter-wave mobile broadband (MMB) system as a candidate next generation mobile communication system. We demonstrate the feasibility for MMB to achieve gigabit-per-second data rates at a distance up to 1 km in an urban mobile environment. A few key concepts in MMB network architecture such as the MMB base station grid, MMB interBS backhaul link, and a hybrid MMB + 4G system are described. We also discuss beamforming techniques and the frame structure of the MMB air interface.

An introduction to millimeter-wave mobile broadband systems

This paper contains measured data and empirical models for 2.5 and 60 GHz in-building propagation path loss and multipath delay spread. Path loss measurements were recorded using a broadband sliding correlator channel sounder which recorded over 39000 power delay profiles (PDPs) in 22 separate locations in a modern office building. Transmitters and receivers were separated by distances ranging from 3.5 to 27.4 m and were separated by a variety of obstructions, in order to create realistic environments for future single-cell-per-room wireless networks. Path loss data is coupled with site-specific information to provide insight into channel characteristics. These measurements and models may aid in the development of future in-building wireless networks in the unlicensed 2.4 and 60 GHz bands.

In-building wideband partition loss measurements at 2.5 and 60 GHz

Previous work has shown that UWB systems can be used for remote vital-signs monitoring, with the major applications of these systems being in health monitoring and rescue scenarios. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of impulse-based UWB signals in the robust detection of chest-cavity motion and the accurate estimation of respiration and heart-beat rates, even in the presence of physical obstructions between the subject and the UWB antennas. The main contribution of this paper is an analytical framework for the development of signal processing algorithms to estimate respiration and heart rates and corroboration of the techniques with measurements. The analogy between the bandwidth of narrowband phase-modulated (PM) systems and the estimation problem is recognized through this analysis and is used to determine optimal parameters such as pulse width and sampling frequency for future experiments. We also present the results of several real-time experiments conducted under different scenarios to demonstrate the accuracy of our techniques in determining respiration and heart-rates.

Implementation and analysis of respiration-rate estimation using impulse-based UWB

Near-ground radio-wave propagation is of interest for emerging military applications such as battlefield sensor networks and for wireless communication between dismounted soldiers. Narrowband and wideband channel measurement results at 300 and 1900 MHz are presented for near-ground propagation, characterising the effect of antenna heights, radiation patterns and foliage environments. An additional set of channel measurements was performed to study the effect of rain on near-ground propagation at 1900 MHz in a forest environment. Measured power–delay profiles indicate significant multipath propagation with the multipath components becoming stronger relative to the direct path for decreasing antenna heights. In the LOS measurements, the RMS delay spread decreased with the use of directional antennas and increasing antenna heights, and increased with distance. This effect was not evident in the forest measurements, suggesting a larger angle spread of the multipaths. Measurement results indicate that leaves and wet foliage do not contribute significantly to the scattering of radio waves. Foliage effects are more significant at 1900 MHz than 300 MHz. Results from near-ground sensor measurements demonstrate that path-loss varies inversely with the square of the receiving antenna height, as in the plane-Earth and Egli models.

Near-ground channel measurements over line-of-sight and forested paths

On-frequency repeaters provide network operators with a cost-effective means of extending coverage to areas of low signal strength. Their ability to transmit and receive on the same channel essentially renders their operation transparent to the rest of the network. The maximum gain of an on-frequency repeater is, however, limited by the amount of isolation that exists between the transmitter and receiver antennas. Adaptive cancellation techniques may be used to mitigate a lack of isolation, but their performance is limited by their ability to track the time-varying multipath in the channel which exists between the two antennas. This paper presents antenna isolation and wideband power delay profile measurement results for typical repeater installations. In addition, simulation results are presented from a novel adaptive filtering approach that allows repeaters to operate with gains equal to or greater than the existing isolation.

Antenna Isolation, Wideband Multipath Propagation Measurements, and Interference Mitigation for On-frequency Repeaters

This paper is a step toward defining the characteristics of a suitable antenna to exploit the inherent advantages in pulsed communication systems, specifically that of ultra-wideband. In this respect, several traditional broadband antenna architectures are evaluated with an emphasis given towards a time-domain perspective. In addition, a good UWB antenna should be reasonably efficient over the entire frequency band allocated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to enable operators to employ different systems to exploit the advantages of UWB without having to use different types of antennas. A benchmarking system is introduced which would enable the user to compare and contrast different architectures depending upon the specific application.

Christopher R. Anderson

Papers

In-building wideband partition loss measurements at 2.5 and 60 GHz

Implementation and analysis of respiration-rate estimation using impulse-based UWB

Near-ground channel measurements over line-of-sight and forested paths

Antenna Isolation, Wideband Multipath Propagation Measurements, and Interference Mitigation for On-frequency Repeaters

A parametric study of time-domain characteristics of possible UWB antenna architectures