This study investigated whether the prevalence of weekly and problem gambling among youth varied according to cultural affiliation. A convenience sample of 1,265 Quebec high school students aged 12-18 was divided into three linguistic groupings: Anglophone (English), Francophone (French), and Allophone (other). Results revealed that the Allophone grouping contained the highest pro- portion of youth who gambled on a weekly basis and who reported gambling problems, followed by the Anglophone, and finally the Francophone groupings. Acculturation difficulties were associated with problem gambling. Few meaningful between-group differences were found with respect to factors related to problem gambling (i.e., comorbidity with other risk factors, coping, family functioning and resiliency). The results are discussed with respect to the influence of cultural back- ground on gambling behavior.

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A cross-cultural study of gambling behaviour among adolescents.

.........................................................................................................................................vi List of Abbreviations Used..........................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................viii Chapter 1: Introduction...............................................................................................................1 Historiography...................................................................................................11 The Race Literature..........................................................................................12 Intersection........................................................................................................22 The Rights Literature........................................................................................23 A Note on Sources.............................................................................................33 Organization......................................................................................................36 Chapter 2: “A Long Drama of Untamable Courage, Resolution, Heroism, Repellent Cruelty and Romance”: The Pioneer Mythology as Nationalist Narrative............................................................................40 Deconstructing the Pioneer Mythology.........................................................45 Chapter 3: “By Virtue of the Accident of Birth”: Municipal Politics in Vancouver.............................................................................................58 The Klan in Vancouver......................................................................................59 The Native Sons and Daughters of British Columbia....................................65 The Hierarchy of Whiteness.............................................................................71 Anti Oriental Agitation in the 1920s...............................................................74 Economic Reform in the 1930s........................................................................84 Chapter 4: “A Nation of Artists”: Indigenous Art and Imagery as Paradoxical Sites of Racialization...........................................................................89 British Columbia Indian Arts and Crafts Revival...........................................94 “The Remarkable Gifts of Francois Baptiste”..............................................105 Chapter 5: “Before the Whitemans Came”: Indigenous Politics in Vancouver.................................................................................................................119 The Legend of Qoitchetahl, the Serpent Slayer of Squamish....................122 The British Columbia Land Question.............................................................126 The Village of Snauq / Kitsilano Indian Reserve #6....................................133 Conflating Race and Place.............................................................................149

"Out of Many Kindreds and Tongues": Racial Identity and Rights Activism in Vancouver, 1919-1939

The fur trade in northern North America during the period of 1760-1840 introduced both Europeans and First Nations peoples to new sounds, musical forms, and dances. Permeating nearly every aspect of the fur trade’s operation, from travel and transportation, cross-cultural encounters, establishing and strengthening relationships, exchanging material goods, and celebrating holidays and special occasions, a distinct soundscape and musical culture developed. First alerted to the presence of Europeans by the sounds of gunpowder, customs of saluting and signaling by firing weaponry were soon adopted and adapted by First Nations peoples in their activities and interactions with fur traders. The colonial warfare that characterized the Great Lakes for much of this period introduced military instruments such as drums, bugles, and bagpipes to the trading posts, which gradually shed their disciplinary associations and were employed instead in fur trade rituals and recreational activities. While music and dance served as a pastime for the gentlemen and servants of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) and North West

Listening to the Fur Trade: Sound, Music, and Dance in Northern North America 1760-1840

Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Ernest William Turner served Canada admirably in two wars and played an instrumental role in unifying veterans’ groups in the post-war period. His experience was unique in the Canadian Expeditionary Force; in that, it included senior command in both the combat and administrative aspects of the Canadian war effort. 
This thesis, based on new primary research and interpretations, revises the prevalent view of Turner. The thesis recasts five key criticisms of Turner and presents a more balanced and informed assessment of Turner. His appointments were not the result of his political affiliation but because of his courage and capability. Rather than an incompetent field commander, Turner developed from a middling combat general to an effective division commander by late 1916. His transfer to England was the result of the need for a proficient field commander to reform the administration. Turner proved to be an excellent administrator, a strong nationalist, and was crucially responsible for improvements in administration and training in England. Finally, the conflict with Sir Arthur Currie, the commander of the Canadian Corps, rather than being motivated by obstructionist jealousy was the outcome of competing institutional imperatives and Currie’s challenging personality.

“Every inch a fighting man:” a new perspective on the military career of a controversial Canadian, Sir Richard Turner

Central to Canadian identity is a national consciousness of inhabiting a country of vast landscapes, which are often identified as "wilderness." This thesis explores the Canadian Pacific Railway Company's use of architecture, landscape, and spatial techniques to construct Canadian concepts of wilderness during a crucial period of national expansion, economic growth, and cultural development. In alignment with federal projects of cultural nationalism, the country's first transcontinental railway promoted land-grant sales and tourism by representing Canadian landscapes as wilderness areas to be at turns enhanced as scenic locales, tamed by agriculture, preserved as intact environments, or assimilated into a folk heritage. The thesis is organized through a series of four case studies, each of which examines a particular architectural episode pertaining to a different variation of the wilderness ideal. The first case study, "A Civilized Wilderness" studies a tourism program initiated following the railroad's completion in 1885, in which luxury railway hotels were constructed in locations seen as exhibiting the scenic properties of the aesthetic sublime. "A Fertile Wilderness" examines the railway's ready-made farm program of 1909 to 1914, which envisioned the redemption of sprawling Prairie wilderness areas within picturesque farming communities. "A Recreational Wilderness" examines a bungalow camp program from 1919 to 1929 that promoted the forests as a haven for riding, hiking, and residing in rustic cabins. Finally, "A Primitive Wilderness" examines the C.P.R.-sponsored Banff Indian Days festival that was fully formed between 1911 and 1929, in which Natives were associated with images of untouched wilderness settings belonging to a distant past. This thesis studies how both the railway infrastructure itself and its landscapes came to be constructed as aesthetic objects, relating to landscape traditions in Europe and North America, and contributing to the conceptualization of wilderness as an integral part of cultural nationalism in Canada.

Christopher Rolfe

Papers

The French Enigma: Survival and Development in Canada's Francophone Societies

Around and about Marius Barbeau: Modelling Twentieth-Century Culture

National Visions, National Blindness: Canadian Art and Identities in the 1920s

Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy

Shoestring Soldiers: The 1st Canadian Division at War, 1914-1915