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Numerical Heat Transfer And Fluid Flow

Thermophysical Properties Research Literature Retrieval Guide Edited by Y. S. Touloukian, J. K. Gerritsen and N. Y. Moore Second edition, revised and expanded. Book 1: Pp. xxi + 819. Book 2: Pp.621. Book 3: Pp. ix + 1315. (New York: Plenum Press, 1967.) n.p.

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Heat and Mass Transfer

The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow By Dr. A. A. Townsend. Pp. xii + 315. 8¾ in. × 5½ in. (Cambridge: At the University Press.) 40s.

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The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow

Catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – A review

Adsorption of VOCs onto engineered carbon materials: A review

Building sector accounts for a significant part of total energy consumption. In Europe, almost 40% of energy use is by residential and commercial buildings. Space conditioning accounts for 40% to 60% of building energy end use in European countries. In the USA, the use of heating, ventilating, air-conditioning (HVAC) systems contribute to 50% of energy use in buildings which is about 20% of their total energy consumption. In Middle East, over 70% of building energy is consumed by cooling systems. China, as one of the biggest developing countries, has even more striking data. From 1996 to 2012, the building energy use in China has grown from 259 million ton of standard coal equivalent (Mtce) to 690 Mtce. No doubt the worldwide energy demand of buildings will continuously increase in the near future due to the development of economy and rise of occupants’ comfort demand. Various techniques have been implemented to improve the building energy efficiency. Traditional air-conditioning methods, such as heat pumps and boilers, are mostly active strategies. They have been developed for more than one century. Recent progresses include optimized cycle design and advanced cycle elements (e.g. working fluid). In addition, the improvement of compressor technology and hybrid system contributes to the efficiency of heat pumps. However, active strategies are faced with some insurmountable limitations. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump can hardly exceed 6, while the combustion efficiency of a boiler is definitely lower than 100%. The energy use of active strategies could be kept at a high level mainly because they directly consume high-grade energy such as electricity and fossil energy. Actually, the use of heat pump and boiler in HVAC is to overcome a relatively large difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures (e.g. 10 C in summer and 20 C in winter). Inevitably, this would lead to relatively low energy efficiency of the whole system. The radiant heating and cooling (RHC) systems have gained popularity due to their contribution to a higher thermal comfort of building occupants and lower energy use. RHC systems are energy efficient because they are able to utilize the hightemperature cooling and low-temperature heating. Nevertheless, most RHC systems still require heat pumps or boilers for cooling or heating with a consumption of considerably high-grade energy. The small cooling/heating intensity and slow system response could also limit the wider application of RHC systems in buildings. Passive strategies are more energy-efficient technologies for application in buildings. These have a much longer history associated with their use in buildings than active strategies. Early passive technologies, such as cave dwellings, kang, hypocaust, etc. existed more than thousands of years. Now many people in the building design profession are focusing on passive strategies such as sun shading, insulation, interior garden, water features, atrium space, natural ventilation, etc., for reducing thermal load in indoor environments. The performance criteria for passive buildings in China have been discussed by Xu et al., previously. Improving the thermal resistance of an envelope is crucial to reduce the building energy use. Up to now, increasing the thickness of insulation layer is still one of the most common approaches to improve the thermal performance of a wall. Since the 1970s, the thickness of insulation has doubled in northern Europe. Thick envelopes, however, would increase investment and require additional materials and building areas, and would be difficult to apply in high-rise buildings. The renovation of the insulation materials may be a problem because their life expectancy is shorter than that of the building. The fire safety of insulation materials could also limit their application. In addition, the thermal insulation integrated with walls would have a high risk of condensation in humid and cold regions. An over-insulated wall could increase the building cooling load because it has a negative impact on the heat dissipation of envelope when ambient environment

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1420326X17719157

Building energy efficiency: Passive technology or active technology?:

Hourly particulate matter mass concentrations and meteorological parameters, recorded by the China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) and China Observatory, between June 2013 and March 2016 in Beijing, Xi’an, Shanghai and Guangzhou were examined to explore correlations. Characteristics of a rapid (abrupt) rise in PM2.5 mass concentration during early stage of a serious urban PM pollution event were examined and compared with pollution events with a gradual (accumulative) rise in PM2.5 mass concentration. The accumulative rise in air pollution is characterized by a prolonged slow PM2.5 growth rate (3–5 µg m–3 h–1), and could eventually lead to middle level pollution (ambient PM2.5 mass concentration of about 150 µg m–3), accompanied with an uncertain temporal variation in SO2, NO2, O3 and CO concentrations. The abrupt rise process is characterized by a short-term high aerosol growth rate (> 10 µg m–3 h–1), and could eventually form severe air pollution (PM2.5 mass concentration exceeds 250 µg m–3), with a constant increase in gaseous pollutants concentrations. The average relative humidity (RH) was observed to have a less impact on the rise of PM2.5 concentration, but the fluctuation in RH was found to have a strong correlation with the rise in PM2.5 concentration. Further analysis has indicated that both abrupt and accumulative rise in PM2.5 mass concentration could be due to the RH fluctuation in atmosphere. The RH variation is important for the study of the fine-particle growth and for prediction of PM pollution episodes.

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Impact of Air Humidity Fluctuation on the Rise of PM Mass Concentration Based on the High-Resolution Monitoring Data

Dynamic optimal airflow ventilation can have a great impact on the indoor air distribution and pollutant removal to improve the indoor air quality while saving energy. An online monitoring and cont...

Ventilation online monitoring and control system from the perspectives of technology application

In China, urban climatic factors are seldom taken into account in urban planning and urban management due to the lack of basic data, as well as practical evaluation tool to bridge the gap between climatic data and urban planning. Under the support of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Wuhan University, China Meteorological Administration, Dalian University of Technology and the Earth Environment Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have jointly implemented a project since 2013, entitled ‘Comprehensive Survey of Residential Environment Quality in Typical Cities in China and Compilation of an Atlas of Urban Climate’. According to climate zoning, city scale and regional development degree, seven Chinese cities, i.e. Xi’an, Wuhan, Dalian, Yulin, Luoyang, Foshan and Taizhou, have been selected as case studies for the project. Among these cities, Xi’an, Wuhan and Dalian are provincial capital cities while Yulin, Luoyang, Foshan and Taizhou are prefecture-level cities. The following research activities were conducted:

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1420326X19867187

Chuck Wah Yu

Papers

Building energy efficiency: Passive technology or active technology?:

Impact of Air Humidity Fluctuation on the Rise of PM Mass Concentration Based on the High-Resolution Monitoring Data

Ventilation online monitoring and control system from the perspectives of technology application

Challenges and adaptation to urban climate change in China: A viewpoint of urban climate and urban planning:

Environmental control strategies for the in situ preservation of unearthed relics in archaeology museums