Traditional engineering instruction is deductive, beginning with theories and progressing to the applications of those theories Alternative teaching approaches are more inductive Topics are introduced by presenting specific observations, case studies or problems, and theories are taught or the students are helped to discover them only after the need to know them has been established This study reviews several of the most commonly used inductive teaching methods, including inquiry learning, problem-based learning, project-based learning, case-based teaching, discovery learning, and just-in-time teaching The paper defines each method, highlights commonalities and specific differences, and reviews research on the effectiveness of the methods While the strength of the evidence varies from one method to another, inductive methods are consistently found to be at least equal to, and in general more effective than, traditional deductive methods for achieving a broad range of learning outcomes

Inductive Teaching and Learning Methods: Definitions, Comparisons, and Research Bases

Around the globe, thousands of research projects are engaging millions of individuals—many of whom are not trained as scientists—in collecting, categorizing, transcribing, or analyzing scientific data. These projects, known as citizen science, cover a breadth of topics from microbiomes to native bees to water quality to galaxies. Most projects obtain or manage scientific information at scales or resolutions unattainable by individual researchers or research teams, whether enrolling thousands of individuals collecting data across several continents, enlisting small armies of participants in categorizing vast quantities of online data, or organizing small groups of volunteers to tackle local problems.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/343/6178/1436.full.pdf

Next Steps for Citizen Science

In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across multiple domains based on a comprehensive literature study including hundreds of research papers, technical reports and online resources. A challenge in a study such as ours is that the ways in which 3D city models are used cannot be readily listed due to fuzziness, terminological ambiguity, unclear added-value of 3D geoinformation in some instances, and absence of technical information. To address this challenge, we delineate a hierarchical terminology (spatial operations, use cases, applications), and develop a theoretical reasoning to segment and categorise the diverse uses of 3D city models. Following this framework, we provide a list of identified use cases of 3D city models (with a description of each), and their applications. Our study demonstrates that 3D city models are employed in at least 29 use cases that are a part of more than 100 applications. The classified inventory could be useful for scientists as well as stakeholders in the geospatial industry, such as companies and national mapping agencies, as it may serve as a reference document to better position their operations, design product portfolios, and to better understand the market.

/pdf/applications-of-3d-city-models-state-of-the-art-review-3yewcl5e4i.pdf

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams Networks Maps.

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The trouble with computers: Usefulness, usability and productivity

New, free and fast growing spatial data sources have appeared online, based on VolunteeredGeographic Information (VGI). OpenStreetMap (OSM) is maybe the most representative project of this trend. Its increasing popularity and density urges researchers on studying its data quality. When this includes comparison with a reference dataset, data matching is necessary for the comparison to be meaningful, usually performed manually at data preparation stage. We propose an automated matching method specifically designed for VGI, based on a multi-stage approach that combines geometric and attribute constraints. We apply it on OSM dataset to compare it against official data from Ordnance Survey. We then show how the results can be used to evaluate data completeness of OSM.

Assessing Data Completeness of VGI through an Automated Matching Procedure for Linear Data

Topology and its various benefits are well understood within the context of 2D Geographical Information Systems. However, requirements in three-dimensional (3D) applications have yet to be defined, with factors such as lack of users’ familiarity with the potential of such systems impeding this process. In this paper, we identify and review a number of requirements for topology in 3D applications. The review utilises existing topological frameworks and data models as a starting point. Three key areas were studied for the purposes of requirements identification, namely existing 2D topological systems, requirements for visualisation in 3D and requirements for 3D analysis supported by topology. This was followed by analysis of application areas such as earth sciences and urban modelling which are traditionally associated with GIS, as well as others including medical, biological and chemical science. Requirements for topological functionality in 3D were then grouped and categorised. The paper concludes by suggesting that these requirements can be used as a basis for the implementation of topology in 3D. It is the aim of this review to serve as a focus for further discussion and identification of additional applications that would benefit from 3D topology.

Requirements for Topology in 3D GIS

The integration of geoinformation with BIM (GeoBIM) is critical to underpin solutions to many city-related challenges. However, to achieve an effective integration it is necessary to consider not only data and technical options but also current practice and users’ needs. This paper describes work carried out within the EuroSDR-GeoBIM project to address this challenge. After investigating potential uses for GeoBIM and existing challenges, we address a planning permits for buildings use case, to help bridging the gap between theory and practice. The resultshighlights a high-level harmonised workflow envisaging the use of GeoBIM information for automating the planning permits process.

/pdf/opportunities-and-challenges-for-geobim-in-europe-developing-3vkj9sifdw.pdf

Opportunities and challenges for GeoBIM in Europe: developing a building permits use-case to raise awareness and examine technical interoperability challenges

Mapping social vulnerability to flood hazard in Norfolk, England

GNSS shadow matching is a new technique that uses 3D mapping to improve positioning accuracy in dense urban areas from tens of meters to within five meters, potentially less. This paper presents the first comprehensive review of shadow matching’s error sources and proposes a program of research and development to take the technology from proof of concept to a robust, reliable and accurate urban positioning product. A summary of the state of the art is also included. Error sources in shadow matching may be divided into six categories: initialization, modelling, propagation, environmental complexity, observation, and algorithm approximations. Performance is also affected by the environmental geometry and it is sometimes necessary to handle solution ambiguity. For each error source, the cause and how it impacts the position solution is explained. Examples are presented, where available, and improvements to the shadow-matching algorithms to mitigate each error are proposed. Methods of accommodating quality control within shadow matching are then proposed, including uncertainty determination, ambiguity detection, and outlier detection. This is followed by a discussion of how shadow matching could be integrated with conventional ranging-based GNSS and other navigation and positioning technologies. This includes a brief review of methods to enhance ranging-based GNSS using 3D mapping. Finally, the practical engineering challenges of shadow matching are assessed, including the system architecture, efficient GNSS signal prediction and the acquisition of 3D mapping data.

Claire Ellul

Papers

Assessing Data Completeness of VGI through an Automated Matching Procedure for Linear Data

Requirements for Topology in 3D GIS

Opportunities and challenges for GeoBIM in Europe: developing a building permits use-case to raise awareness and examine technical interoperability challenges

Mapping social vulnerability to flood hazard in Norfolk, England

GNSS Shadow Matching: The Challenges Ahead