Introduccion: Se actualiza la relacion del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro con enfermedades neurologicas y psiquiatricas, en particular en trastornos del comportamiento en la infancia y adultos postulados en anos recientes. Objetivo : Analizar la participacion del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro con alteraciones del comportamiento humano, con preferencia en la infancia y el papel de la disbiosis como factor determinante. Metodos: Se revisaron las publicaciones sobre el tema en espanol e ingles en bases de datos de PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO y Latindex desde el 2015 hasta el 30 septiembre de 2019. Resultados: Se actualizaron los criterios sobre el papel del eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro, posibles vias de accion y asociacion con disbiosis y otros factores, desencadenados por alteracion de la microbiota intestinal y su influencia en los trastornos del comportamiento mental, representados por el espectro autista, hipoactividad/ hiperexcitabilidad, ansiedad y depresion. Consideraciones finales: Los conocimientos alcanzados en el ultimo decenio en estudios experimentales en ratones y la aplicacion de sus resultados en humanos, sobre el papel del eje bidireccional microbiota-intestino-cerebro y sus relaciones con el equilibrio y desequilibrio de la microbiota intestinal, argumentan la posible participacion del eje referido en el neurodesarrollo, afectacion cerebral y neuromodulacion y en especial en trastornos de conducta, como el espectro autista y otras afecciones analizadas. Palabras clave: microbiota intestinal; eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro; disbiosis; trastornos del comportamiento mental; espectro autista; ansidedad; depresion.

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Microbiota intestinal y trastornos del comportamiento mental

The human microbiota plays an important role in different physiological processes of the human body, such as protection against pathogens, energy metabolism, nutrition and the development of the immune system, among others. However, the imbalance of some of these microorganisms has been involved in the development of some diseases in humans, such as infections in the skin, upper respiratory tract, genitourinary system and intestines. Mainly, the dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota has been related to diseases associated with mental development disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder. This disease directly influences the quality of life of patients, as it affects the proper functioning of the brain generating cognitive problems, impaired communication, repetitive behavior and difficulty in social interaction. The different problems associated with the disorder directly impact families and the national health economy, so it can be considered a public health problem. Due to the above, it is very important to show the role of the intestinal microbiota in the development of the Autism Spectrum Disorder, in such a way that it allows a better understanding of the disorder and thus positively influence its prevention and treatment. In order to achieve this objective, a bibliographic search was carried out in the NCBI, SciELO, Redalyc, Plos one and Science Direct databases. The results show that there is a relationship between gastrointestinal disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorder which is regulated by the bowel-brain axis in a bidirectional manner. Finally it can be concluded that intestinal dysbiosis is not yet considered a cause of the development of Autism Spectrum Disorder, however, it is a factor that regulates the symptomatology of this mental illness.

Rol de la microbiota intestinal en el desarrollo del trastorno del espectro autista

In recent years, the advance in gut microbiota knowledge has shown that is key in the development and health status of humans. There are many factors that influence the gut microbiota and its balance, being our lifestyle one of the key factors. There is an association between feeding and practicing physical exercise. People who have an active life have a healthier diet, richer in fiber, vegetables and fruits, while sedentary lifestyle is associated with diets with higher fat content and lower fiber. Our feeding behavior and the practice of physical exercise, determine the microbial diversity, as well as the presence of beneficial bacteria for our health. The influence of these factors is determined by the physiological state of the individual (illness/health, obese/lean, young/old), thus more research is needed to determine how changes occur in the microbiota depending on the individual in order to be able to move towards customized nutrition and exercise recommendations according to the needs of each individual.

Lifestyle modulation of gut microbiota

espanolEn condiciones de normalidad, en el tracto intestinal humano existen mas de mil diferentes especies de microorganismos que conforman la microbiota intestinal huma-na. En adultos esta puede alcanzar un peso de hasta casi 2 kg., y es tan unica y diferente como puede ser la huella dactilar. Tras una revision de literatura cientifica se pretende actualizar conocimientos sobre el tema para su aplicabilidad en la clinica. El objetivo es relacionar el funciona-miento de la microbiota intestinal humana, la dieta y la salud de las personas.La composicion del microbioma gastrointestinal puede estar condicionada por numerosos factores, y entre todos, la dieta es considerada uno de los factores mas relevantes desde el nacimiento, partiendo del modo de alimentacion inicial con lactancia materna o leche de formula, pasando por la introduccion de los alimentos, hasta llegar al estilo de dieta una vez que se es adulto. La relacion de simbiosis entre estos microorganismos esta vinculada a la salud, ya que perturbaciones en la densidad y diversidad de bacterias intestinales, se asocia con ciertas enfermedades y viceversa. Por lo tanto, la lactancia materna, la dieta equilibrada y la inclusion de prebioticos y probioticos son los principales hallazgos y se constituyen como recomendaciones para una microbiota saludable. EnglishUnder normal conditions, there are thousands of microorganisms in our gut which create the human gut microbiote. In adults, it can reach up to 2 kilograms and it is as unique as anyone’s fingerprint. With a systematic literature review, the aim is to update knowledge on the field so that it can be used in clinical practice. It also aims to associate human gut microbiota, diet and health.It is considered that gastrointestinal microbiome composition is determined by numerous factors, and among all of them, diet is deemed to be the most relevant since birth, starting from the type of feeding, formula feed or breastfeeding, through complementary feeding to an established adult diet.The symbiotic relationship we have with these microorganisms is fully relevant to our health. Any disturbance in it, such as drops in gut bacterial diversity or density, is related to diseases and vice versa. Therefore, breastfeeding, healthy dieting and including the consume of prebiotics and probiotics are the main finds and recommenda-tions to achieve a heathy gut microbiote.

La microbiota intestinal humana y sus modificaciones: el poder de la dieta

Microbiota intestinal y envejecimiento

The global demographic transition has allowed to identify a growing increase in the population over 60 years old, which entails the need to generate policies, programs or actions that preserve or improve the quality of life of people at this stage of life. A balanced and sufficient diet guarantees an integral well-being; however, globalization has permeated the conceptions of a healthy diet, a situation that has favored the presence of malnutrition and, therefore, the deterioration of systems and organs including the gastrointestinal tract. In care for elderly aging, gastrointestinal health is of outstanding importance, due to the role that the microbiota is currently recognized in the gut-brain axis, in the modulation of the immune system and in the etiology of inflammatory, neurodegenerative or mental health diseases. The following review presents the objective of developing a search in various sources of information on the relevance of food and nutrition for the maintenance and balance of the microbiota in older people. Among their results, general concepts about the microbiota and the intertwining that is generated with nutrition and food are recognized. On the above, the review focuses on the role of the microbiota in older people, mentions some contributions from new research and ends with reflections about the importance of incorporating microbiota care in maintaining healthy lifestyles.

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Claudia Troncoso Pantoja

Papers

Food, nutrition and microbiota: what about the elderly?