Although human trafficking has a long and ignoble history, it is only recently that trafficking has become a major political issue for states and the international community and the subject of detailed international rules. Anne T. Gallagher calls on her direct experience working within the United Nations to chart the development of new international laws on this issue. She links these rules to the international law of state responsibility as well as key norms of international human rights law, transnational criminal law, refugee law and international criminal law, in the process identifying and explaining the major legal obligations of states with respect to preventing trafficking, protecting and supporting victims, and prosecuting perpetrators. This book is a groundbreaking work: a unique and valuable resource for policymakers, advocates, practitioners and scholars working in this controversial and important field.

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The International Law of Human Trafficking

Part I. Electoral rights in legal and political context: 1. Introduction - Electoral rights and the boundaries of the suffrage 2. Political membership in and beyond the state 3. Electoral rights for non-nationals: theoretical, legal and political accounts Part II. The Past, Present and Future of EU Electoral Rights: 4. The emerging constitutional framework for electoral rights in the era of European citizenship 5. EU electoral rights since 1993 6. Electoral Rights for Union Citizens: looking to the future 7. Electoral rights for third country nationals: what role for the European Union? Part III. The Contestation of Electoral Rights in the Member States of the European Union: 8. National politics of immigrant inclusion: the extension of electoral rights to resident non-nationals 9. Electoral exclusion, models of citizenship and the contestation of belonging 10. Out of empire: electoral rights, enlargement and the wider Europe Part IV. Conclusions: 11. Conclusions - citizenship and electoral rights in the multi-level 'Euro-polity'.

The Transformation of Citizenship in the European Union: Electoral Rights and the Restructuring of Political Space

1. The legal framework: transnational crime, law of the sea, and migration control 2. The legal framework: human rights and refugee law 3. Acting against migrant smuggling: capacities and limitations 4. State responsibility and migrant smuggling 5. Criminalization of migrant smuggling 6. Migrant smuggling by sea: interdiction and rescue 7. Prevention and international cooperation to combat migrant smuggling 8. Obligations of protection, assistance, and response 9. Obligations relating to detention of smuggled migrants 10. Return of smuggled migrants.

The International Law of Migrant Smuggling

Background
The "right to health," including access to basic healthcare, has been recognized as a universal human right through a number of international agreements. Attempts to protect this ideal, however, have relied on states as the guarantor of rights and have subsequently ignored stateless individuals, or those lacking legal nationality in any nation-state. While a legal nationality alone is not sufficient to guarantee that a right to healthcare is accessible, an absence of any legal nationality is almost certainly an obstacle in most cases. There are millions of so-called stateless individuals around the globe who are, in effect, denied medical citizenship in their countries of residence. A central motivating factor for this essay is the fact that statelessness as a concept is largely absent from the medical literature. The goal for this discussion, therefore, is primarily to illustrate the need for further monitoring of health access issues by the medical community, and for a great deal more research into the effects of statelessness upon access to healthcare. This is important both as a theoretical issue, in light of the recognition by many of healthcare as a universal right, as well as an empirical fact that requires further exploration and amelioration.

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Debate: Limitations on universality: the "right to health" and the necessity of legal nationality

Statelessness, the condition of not being a national from any State, is one of the most serious but unknown violations of Human Rights, and that is the reason why the United Nations have been increasingly motivated to deal with this problem. The most important instruments of international law related to the statelessness issue are the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. Even though these Conventions do not impose excessive obligations to the States, they have been ratified by only a few States: 66 the former and 38 the latter. However, in the past decades there has been a very important action of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) –the competent authority in the matter within the UN System– related to statelessness. The work of the UNHCRtowards stateless people has the following key areas: identification, prevention, reduction and protection. With the support of the UNHCR, some States like Sri Lanka (former Ceylon), Estonia and Latviahave been able to successfully reduce the cases of statelessness and in this way they have improved the Human Rights situation in these countries.

Statelessness and human rights: the role of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

By exploring statelessness through legal, theoretical, and practical lenses, this article presents a broad examination of the human rights of stateless persons. The article delineates the rights of stateless persons as enunciated in various human rights instruments; presents the mechanisms of, and paths to, statelessness; illustrates the practical struggles of stateless persons by highlighting the plights of various stateless populations; examines how the problem of statelessness is being addressed; and considers the complex political and regional forces affecting policies towards stateless persons. The article concludes with recommendations regarding remedies and solutions for statelessness.

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The Human Rights of Stateless Persons

This paper provides an empirical analysis of how various local political, cultural, and sporting events affect daily room rentals in the Austin, Texas hotel market. In an innovation of previous studies that use daily hotel data, we differentiate how events affect different tiers of hotel rooms ranging from economy hotels to luxury hotels. The results show disparities between events with regard to the quality of hotel demanded. The analysis is extended to daily hotel revenues generated in the six tiers of hotel rooms and how the various events contribute to local and state hotel-occupancy tax revenues. 

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The Impact of Sporting and Cultural Events in a Heterogeneous Hotel Market: Evidence from Austin, TX

Outcome uncertainty represents a central, defining area of sports economic research. Contest outcome uncertainty (COU), the idea that fan expectations about game outcomes affects attendance decisions, receives substantial attention in the literature, including many papers published in this journal. The standard model of fan decisions under uncertainty generates two diametrically opposed predictions about the COU-attendance relationship, depending on fan preferences, generating tension in the empirical literature. We undertake a meta-analysis of the empirical COU literature to assess empirical support for these predictions. We identify more than 500 empirical model specifications reported in 97 COU papers. The results slightly favor the loss aversion version of the model, but the literature contains no consensus. Sport analyzed and choice of COU proxy variable have no relationship to reported results. Simple OLS and panel data methods generate much of the evidence, highlighting the importance of using causal inference methods in future research.

Clay Collins

Papers

The Human Rights of Stateless Persons

The Impact of Sporting and Cultural Events in a Heterogeneous Hotel Market: Evidence from Austin, TX

Contest Outcome Uncertainty and Fan Decisions: A Meta-Analysis

Emotional Cues, Election Outcomes, and Intimate Partner Violence