https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/item/item_2464966_4/component/file_2470306/1-s2.0-S0960982217300908-main.pdf

Evolution of Multiple Sensory Systems Drives Novel Egg-Laying Behavior in the Fruit Pest Drosophila suzukii.

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) also known as spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), is a pest native to Southeast Asia. In the last few decades, the pest has expanded its range to affect all major European and American fruit production regions. SWD is a highly adaptive insect that is able to disperse, survive, and flourish under a range of environmental conditions. Infestation by SWD generates both direct and indirect economic impacts through yield losses, shorter shelf life of infested fruit, and increased production costs. Fresh markets, frozen berries, and fruit export programs have been impacted by the pest due to zero tolerance for fruit infestation. As SWD control programs rely heavily on insecticides, exceedance of maximum residue levels (MRLs) has also resulted in crop rejections. The economic impact of SWD has been particularly severe for organic operations, mainly due to the limited availability of effective insecticides. Integrated pest management (IPM) of SWD could significantly reduce chemical inputs but would require substantial changes to horticultural management practices. This review evaluates the most promising methods studied as part of an IPM strategy against SWD across the world. For each of the considered techniques, the effectiveness, impact, sustainability, and stage of development are discussed.

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A Decade of Research Towards a Sustainable Integrated Pest Management Program

Non-native insect pests are often responsible for important damage to native and agricultural plant hosts. Since Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) has become an important pest in North America and Europe (i.e., in 2008), the global production of soft thin-skinned fruits has faced severe production losses. In the southern Neotropical region, however, the first record of D. suzukii occurred in 2013 in the south of Brazil. It has also been recorded in Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. Despite its recent occurrence in the southern Neotropical region, the fast dispersion of D. suzukii has inspired local research efforts in an attempt to mitigate the consequences of this insect pest invasion. In this forum, we explore the current status of D. suzukii in southern Neotropical regions, discussing its future perspectives. Additionally, we attempt to draft activities and a research agenda that may help to mitigate the losses caused by D. suzukii in native and commercial soft-skinned fruits produced in this region. Currently, D. suzukii appears to be well established in the south of Brazil, but considering the entire southern Neotropical region, the invasion panorama is still underinvestigated. The lack of studies and regulatory actions against D. suzukii has contributed to the invasion success of this species in this region. Considering several peculiarities of both the pest biology and the environmental of this region, the authors advocate for the need of intensive and integrative studies toward the development and implementation of area-wide integrated pest management programs against D. suzukii in the southern Neotropical region.

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Drosophila suzukii in Southern Neotropical Region: Current Status and Future Perspectives.

The accumulation of scientific knowledge is far outstripped by the rate of environmental disturbance from human activities in aquatic habitats. This highlights the need to develop effective proxy measures of aquatic biodiversity that can demonstrate changes in communities associated with human activities. We evaluated whether the relative abundance and species richness of Anisoptera and Zygoptera can be used as a tool to measure environmental impacts on Amazonian streams. Adult of Anisoptera and Zygoptera were sampled in 50 Amazonian streams, in the municipality of Paragominas (Para state), Brazil, using an entomological handnet. The physical features of each stream were evaluated using an index of environmental integrity (HII). We collected a total of 1769 Odonata specimens, representing 97 species (56 were Zygoptera and 41 were Anisoptera). Habitat modification resulted in an inversion in the proportional abundance and species richness of Anisoptera and Zygoptera, where Zygoptera diversity decreased with the loss of habitat integrity, whereas Anisoptera diversity increased with habitat disturbance. A decline of 0.1 in the habitat integrity index score resulted in an increase of approximately 13 individuals and 11 species of Anisoptera, with the exact opposite effect observed for the Zygoptera. In summary, the Odonata proved to be a useful model for the assessment of Amazonian streams, with sites where more than 54% of the Odonata species were Zygoptera being classified as preserved, and those dominated by Anisoptera species (> 59%) being considered degraded. This approach has clear applications for environmental impact assessments, as it reduces the influence of sampling effort and collector experience on assessment outcomes, and does not rely upon specialist knowledge, given that members of the two suborders are easily distinguished from one and other in the field.

The Zygoptera/Anisoptera Ratio (Insecta: Odonata): a New Tool for Habitat Alterations Assessment in Amazonian Streams

This research aimed to more clearly describe the interactions of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura; Diptera: Drosophilidae) with microorganisms that may contribute to spoilage or quality loss of wine grapes during harvest. Experiments were conducted in controlled laboratory experiments and under field conditions to determine these effects. Laboratory trials determined the role of insect contact and oviposition to vector spoilage bacteria onto wine grapes. In the field, the roles of key organoleptic parameters in grape fruit ripening were assessed to determine their relative contribution to oviposition potential as fruit ripened. Finally, field trials determined the relationships of egg and larval infestation to sour rot levels. Non-ovipositional trials indicated elevated levels of microbiota when D. suzukii was present. D. suzukii oviposition exponentially increased the concentration of acetic acid bacteria. Both incised and sound berries showed a significant increase in concentrations of acetic acid bacteria exposed to D. suzukii. Volatile acidity was higher in treatments infested with D. suzukii. Fruit with only eggs did not develop a significant increase of volatile acidity. Larva-infested grape berries in 9.5% of samples developed higher volatile acidity after 14 d. Sound grape berries were less susceptible to the development of microbiota associated with sour rot and spoilage. D. suzukii oviposition and larval development increase risk of spoilage bacteria vectored by D. suzukii adults. Acetic acid bacteria induced fermentation and produced several volatile compounds contributing to spoilage. Spoilage bacteria may create a positive feedback loop that attracts both D. suzukii and other drosophilids, which may contribute to additional spoilage.

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Contributes to the Development of Sour Rot in Grape.

Biologia, monitoramento e controle de Aphis illinoisensis Shimer e Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) na cultura da videira.

Oriental-fruit-moth Grapholita molesta is one of the most important pest of apple (Malus domestica) and peach (Prunus persica). In this work, we evaluated the ovipositon preference of G. molesta on different development stages of apple and peach plants, using 15 cages type “voile”, each one containing five couples, performing subsequent counting of oviposition in branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. The penetration time of the larvae in different vegetative structures (fruits and shoots) was determined inoculating two newly hatched larvae in each plant structure, evaluating the penetration every thirty minutes for the first two hours and every sixty minutes after this period, until all larvae have penetrate. The apple and peach leaves were preferred site for oviposition of G. molesta adults. However, 7.7% of eggs occurred on apple fruits while on peach fruits, the oviposition was just 0.4%. The average time for 90% of newly hatched larvae penetrate the plant structures (TM90) was lower on shoots (3.25±0.51 hours) than in the peach fruits (6.7±0.95 hours) differing from the apple, in which TM90 was higher on shoots (5.23±1.29 hours) than in fruits (2.67±0.6 hours). G. molesta prefers lay eggs on leaves, regardless of the plant growth stage, while larvae penetrate faster in apples fruits and peach shoots.

Local de oviposição e tempo de penetração da mariposa- oriental Grapholita molesta em macieira e pessegueiro Oviposition site and penetration time of oriental-fruit-moth Grapholita molesta in apple and peach trees

High infestations by the grapevine aphid Aphis illinoisensis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) have been observedin vineyards in southern Brazil, retarding plant growth and causing premature berry drop. This studyevaluated the effect of insecticides on the control of the species in two experiments carried out in agreenhouse. The first control experiment for A. illinoisensis was conducted with seedlings of Vitis viniferavar. ‘Cabernet Franc’ to assess the effect of azadirachtin (Azamax®) at dosages of 2.4 and 3.6 mL a.i.(active ingredient)/100 L of water, with reapplication seven days after the first application (DAFA). Tocompare its effect, the neonicotinoids imidacloprid (Provado 200 SC®) and thiamethoxam (Actara 250WG®) were sprayed at dosages of 8 mL or g a.i./100 L of water in foliar application without reapplication.The second experiment compared the effect on A. illinoisensis by spraying these neonicotinoids at dosagesof 8 mL or g a.i./100 L in foliar applications and of 0.05 mL or g a.i./100 L applied in the soil. Evaluationswere performed at 0, 1, 5, 7, 10 and 14 DAFA. Imidacloprid and thiamethoxam effectively controlled A.illinoisensis in both forms of application [soil and foliar], while azadirachtin at the dosage of 3.6 ml a.i./100L reapplied seven days after the first application provided 55.7% control. In conclusion, A. illinoisensis canbe controlled effectively by employing neonicotinoids in the soil, while azadirachtin can be an alternativeto reduce infestation pressure.

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Effect of Insecticides Sprayed on Leaves and Applied via Soil to Aphis illinoisensis Shimer, 1866 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Grapevines

As iscas toxicas tem sido uma ferramenta importante para o manejo das moscas-das-frutas no Brasil. De maneira geral, a tecnologia consiste na associacao entre um atrativo alimentar e um agente letal que controla os adultos do inseto ao entrarem em contato ou se alimentarem da mistura. Como vantagens do uso da tecnologia, destaca-se o emprego de doses reduzidas de inseticidas e a possibilidade de diminuir a presenca de residuos toxicos nos frutos, devido a aplicacao ser realizada nas bordas dos pomares, nos troncos e/ou folhas, evitando atingir os frutos.

Recomendações para avaliação de iscas tóxicas sobre as moscas-das-frutas Anastrepha fraterculus e Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) em laboratório.

Cléber Antonio Baronio

Papers

Biologia, monitoramento e controle de Aphis illinoisensis Shimer e Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) na cultura da videira.

Local de oviposição e tempo de penetração da mariposa- oriental Grapholita molesta em macieira e pessegueiro Oviposition site and penetration time of oriental-fruit-moth Grapholita molesta in apple and peach trees

Effect of Insecticides Sprayed on Leaves and Applied via Soil to Aphis illinoisensis Shimer, 1866 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Grapevines

Recomendações para avaliação de iscas tóxicas sobre as moscas-das-frutas Anastrepha fraterculus e Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) em laboratório.

Oviposition site and penetration time of oriental-fruit-moth Grapholita molesta in apple and peach trees