A circumplex model of affect

Research on the relation between attitude and behavior is examined in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and time elements. A review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude-behavior relations dre obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities. This conclusion is compared with the rather pessimistic assessment of the utility of the attitude concept found in much contemporary social psychological literature.

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Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research.

Four studies are reported in which a scale to assess the need for cognition (i.e., the tendency for an individual to engage in and enjoy thinking) was developed and validated. In Study 1 a pool of items was administered to groups known to differ in need for cognition. Members of a university faculty served as subjects in the high-need-for-cognition group, whereas assembly line workers served as subjects in the low-need-for-cognition group. The criteria of ambiguity, irrelevance, and internal consistency were used to select the items for subsequent studies. A factor analysis was performed on the selected items and yielded one major factor. In 'Study 2 the scale was administered to a more homogeneous population (400 undergraduates) to validate the factor structure obtained in Study 1 and to determine whether the scale tapped a construct distinct from test anxiety and cognitive style. The factor structure was replicated in Study 2, responses to the need for cognition scale were predictably and weakly related to cognitive style, and responses were unrelated,to test anxiety. In Study 3, 104 subjects completed need for cognition, social desirability, and dogmatism scales and indicated what their American College Test scores were. Results indicated that need for cognition was related weakly and negatively to being close minded, unrelated to social desirability, and positively correlated with general intelligence. Study 4 replicated the major findings of Study 3 and furnished evidence of thj predictive validity of the Need for Cognition Scale: Attitudes toward simple an complex versions of a cognitive task appeared indistinguishable until the subjects' need for cognition was considered. The theoretical utility of the construct and measure of need for cognition are discussed.

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/42/1/116.pdf

The need for cognition.

Reanalyses of a number of studies of self-reported mood indicate that Positive and Negative Affect consistently emerge as the first two Varimax rotated dimensions in orthogonal factor analyses or as the first two second-order factors derived from oblique solutions. The two factors emerged with varyi

Toward a consensual structure of mood.

In Experiment 1, subjects read a persuasive message from a likable or unlikable communicator who presented six or two arguments concerning one of two topics. High response involvement subjects anticipated discussing the message topic at a future experimental session, whereas low involvement subjects anticipated discussing a different topic. For high involvement subjects, opinion change was significantly greater given six arguments but was unaffected by communicator likability. For low involvement subjects, opinion change was significantly greater given a likable communicator but was unaffected by the arguments manipulation. In Experiment 2, high issue involvement subjects showed slightly greater opinion change when exposed to five arguments from an unlikable (vs. one argument from a likable) communicator, whereas low involvement subjects exhibited significantly greater persuasion in response to one argument from a likable (vs. five arguments from an unlikable) communicator. These findings support the idea that high involvement leads message recipients to employ a systematic information processing strategy in which message-based cognitions mediate persuasion, whereas low involvement leads recipients to use a heuristic processing strategy in which simple decision rules mediate persuasion. Support was also obtained for the hypothesis that content-mediated (vs. source-mediated) opinion change would shower greater persistence.

/pdf/heuristic-versus-systematic-information-processing-and-the-u9kqfekmls.pdf

Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion.

Effects of Varying Trait Inconsistency and Response Requirements on the Primacy Effect in Impression Formation.

This study examined the effects on attitude, mood, and recall of embedding a communication in different musical art forms Subjects listened to four folk songs, each of which either had or did not have guitar accompaniment, and which were either sung or dramatically spoken Results indicated greater positive emotional arousal and greater persuasion with the presence of guitar accompaniment The sung-spoken variation had few effects The results were interpreted as supporting a conclusion of Dabbs and Janis (1965) that a pleasant activity such as eating creates a momentary mood of compliance toward a communication's recommendations The present study generalized Dabbs and Janis' conclusion to a stimulus situation involving instrumental music An alternative interpretation that the music inhibited counterargument production was discussed and rejected The implications of the study for a more general arousal-persuasion model were noted

Effect of Musical Accompaniment on Attitude: The Guitar as a Prop for Persuasion

Experimenter sex effects in behavioral research.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/17/3/250.pdf

Clyde Hendrick

Papers

Effects of Varying Trait Inconsistency and Response Requirements on the Primacy Effect in Impression Formation.

Effect of Musical Accompaniment on Attitude: The Guitar as a Prop for Persuasion

Experimenter sex effects in behavioral research.

Race versus belief similarity as determinants of attraction: a search for a fair test.

Introversion, Extraversion, and Interpersonal Attraction.