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Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation

Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards

The "Dust Bowl" drought of the 1930s was highly unusual for North America, deviating from the typical pattern forced by "La Nina" with the maximum drying in the central and northern Plains, warm temperature anomalies across almost the entire continent, and widespread dust storms. General circulation models (GCMs), forced by sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from the 1930s, produce a drought, but one that is centered in southwestern North America and without the warming centered in the middle of the continent. Here, we show that the inclusion of forcing from human land degradation during the period, in addition to the anomalous SSTs, is necessary to reproduce the anomalous features of the Dust Bowl drought. The degradation over the Great Plains is represented in the GCM as a reduction in vegetation cover and the addition of a soil dust aerosol source, both consequences of crop failure. As a result of land surface feedbacks, the simulation of the drought is much improved when the new dust aerosol and vegetation boundary conditions are included. Vegetation reductions explain the high temperature anomaly over the northern U.S., and the dust aerosols intensify the drought and move it northward of the purely ocean-forced drought pattern. When both factors are included in the model simulations, the precipitation and temperature anomalies are of similar magnitude and in a similar location compared with the observations. Human-induced land degradation is likely to have not only contributed to the dust storms of the 1930s but also amplified the drought, and these together turned a modest SST-forced drought into one of the worst environmental disasters the U.S. has experienced.

Amplification of the North American 'Dust Bowl' drought through human induced land degradation.

สังคมวิทยาชนบท = Introduction to rural sociology

PART ONE: CONCEPTS AND ANALYSIS Approaches to Understanding Conflict Conflict Analysis Framework PART TWO: SOURCES AND SITUATION Sources of conflict Conflict Situations and Behaviour PART THREE: PROCESS AND STRUCTURE Process of conflict Inter-linkage and Context PART FOUR: DYNAMICS AND ESCALATION A System of Conflict Dynamics Escalation and Entrapment PART FIVE: DE-ESCALATION AND TERMINATION De-Escalation Dynamics Conciliation Strategies Ending Conflict

Understanding Conflict and Conflict Analysis

Urban wetlands make cities livable in many important ways. They reduce flooding, replenish drinking water, filter waste, provide urban green spaces, and are a source of livelihoods in most urban areas. This study aims to geo-spatially analyze urban wetland loss in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area (LGA), Rivers State, Nigeria. The study analyses land use /land cover changes (LULC) using Landsat7 UTM images of 2000, 2009 and 2018. The satellite images covering the area were acquired and analyzed using ArcGIS10.6. A total area of 25,773.39 sq km was delineated in the study area. After processing the imagery, five LULC classes where developed in ArcGIS environment, such as wetland, built-up area, vegetation, water bodies and bare surface. The study shows that the urban land-use of Obio-Akpor LGA had changed dramatically during the period of 18 years. In 2000, wetlands occupied the second-lowest classes with 9.12% (2352.15 sq.km) of the total classes due to high level of urban development in the area while built-up areas occupied the third-highest classes with 17.62% (4543.83 sq.km) of the total classes. In 2009, the study revealed that the built-up area (urban land use) rose to 19.3% (4975.11 sq.km) and maintained an increase in urban growth due to changes from constructions of many roads and houses while wetlands also surprisingly experienced an increase and occupied the third-highest classes with 19.17% (4942.26 sq.km). Evidence from the study show that 2018 witnessed an expansion in terms of developmental activities in all facets as the built-up area increased in three-fold size within the year, bare surface reduced to a class of 15.47% (4057.29 sq.km) forcing developers to develop towards the wetland ecosystem. The wetlands, therefore, experienced a sharp decline to 4.91% (1266.75 sq.km) due to rapid conversion of wetlands for housing development and excessive urban sprawl and its associated problems of inefficient use of land, urban space and the development of shanty towns/slums. The study concluded that there is a need for the wise use of wetland resources and improvement of institutional arrangement so that wetland policies can be fully integrated into the planning process across all disciplines.

Geo-Spatial Analysis of Urban Wetlands Loss in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria

Since 1980s the rate of expansion of Port Harcourt city has been very rapid with attendant accelerated housing development within the metropolis. This paper examines the residential development dynamics in Port Harcourt metropolis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) approach. In order to achieve this objective, two Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) multi-seasonal images of 19 December 1986 and 22 December, 1990 and NigeriaSat1 image of April 2004 for the Study area  were acquired for this study. The Landsat TM, ETM+ and NigeriaSat1satellite data were processed using ERDAS IMAGINE 9.2 image processing software. The result from the land use changes between 1986 and 2004 shows prominent conversion of agricultural land to residential land uses. This implies that residential area has become one of the most important land use types within the periods under review. The paper recommended the need to invigorate planning machinery and activity in Port Harcourt metropolis to incorporate and integrate new planning paradigm into planning of the city and to introduce measures to manage smart growth. Keywords: Residential development dynamics; GIS, Efficient urban planning; Metropolis.

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Residential Development Dynamics in Port Harcourt Metropolis: Implication for Efficient Urban Planning

This article provides a spatial analytical framework for using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology in flood mapping. It examines the geospatial mapping and analysis of the 2012 Nigeria flood disaster extent in Yenagoa city, Bayelsa State. Landuse map of 2012 was generated from the imagery of the study area sourced from Google Earth 2012 version. The imagery was geo-referenced and geo-processed in ArcGIS 9.3 to world coordinate system while the flood extent map was generated from the Radarsat of October 2012. The extent of flood in each landuse was determined by overlaying the flood extent map on the landuse map of 2012 using INTERSECT operator.   Findings show that the 2012 flooded area extent was 64.42 sq km and 7.0% of total land area of Yenagoa LGA. The built up area had the highest spatial coverage which was 355.90 (38.68%) of the total land area in 2012. The flood affected area was also highest in the built up area as 18.88 sq km was covered which was 9.16% of the built up area and 50.62% of the entire flood extent. The correlation coefficient of the relationship between size of landuse and flood extent within each landuse was 0.487 and r 2 was 0.237 suggesting that the coefficient of determination was 23.7%. The relationship was direct but low correlation coefficient and students’ t- test proved that there was no significant relationship between flood extent in the landuse and size of the landuse at p=0.05. The article recommends periodic flood hazard and risk mapping to reduce flood damages in the flooded areas of Yenagoa LGA and construction of dams across the major rivers to regulate the volume of water. Key words: Geospatial, Mapping, 2012 Nigeria Flood, Disaster Extent

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Geospatial Mapping and Analysis of the 2012 Nigeria Flood Disaster Extent in Yenagoa City, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The constant conflicts between crop farmers and cattle herders over the years in the Sahel savanna region, particularly the Northeast geopolitical region of Nigeria has been a recurring issue claiming several lives and properties without any holistic approach by the government to ameliorate or solve the problem. In contemporary times, the conflict has assumed a dangerous dimension and therefore, requires urgent measures to curb the menace. It is against this background that this study seeks to investigate the impacts of crop farmers' and cattle herders' conflict on community development in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Three (3) Local Government Areas (LGA) in the state were purposively selected from the 3 senatorial zones in the state. This was followed by the selection of 21 crop farmers and 21 cattle herders from each of the 3 LGAs through purposive and random sampling techniques to obtain a sample size of 126 respondents. Data were gathered with the aid of structured questionnaires and structured interview schedules. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was also conducted with separate groups of cattle herders and crop farmers. Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency counts, percentages) were used to describe the Original Research Article Bulus and Wizor; ARJASS, 10(3): 40-53, 2020; Article no.ARJASS.55752 41 personal characteristics of crop farmers and cattle herders, inferential statistics (Logit regression, chi-square) were used to determine the factors responsible for the cause of conflict and the relationship between the conflict and community development indices in the study area. Results from the findings shows that majority of the crop farmers and cattle herders are male, the perceived causes of the conflicts include encroachment of grazing reserve by farmers, the encroachment of stock route by farmers, grazing of crops by the herders and non-accessibility to water points by the two groups. The study further revealed major impacts of these conflicts to include loss of human lives and reduced household income, reduced access to agricultural land and destruction of infrastructural facilities. The conflict resolution strategies adopted includes but not limited to reactivation of existing grazing reserves, sensitization of conflicting parties by community leaders and amendment of laws on grazing reserves. Finally, the study further linked these constant conflicts to the very poor community development in Adamawa State. The study recommended formal education for both farmers and herders, sensitization of the crop farmers and cattle herders by the government and community leaders on the need for both groups to coexist and implementation of the existing laws on grazing reserves and land use policies by the government.

https://journalarjass.com/index.php/ARJASS/article/download/30150/56566

Spatial Analysis of the Impacts of Crop Farmers and Cattle Herders Conflicts on Community Development in Adamawa State, Nigeria

This paper investigated the impact of the 2012 Nigeria flood on emergent cities of Nigeria using Yenagoa city as a case study.   Both primary and secondary data were used in this paper. The primary data included the use of questionnaire and personal interview. From our preliminary investigation, the total number of communities in the study area was found to be fifty seven. Simple random sampling techniques were used to select six communities in the local government. The six sampled communities are Ovom, Opolo, Akenfa, Ikibiri, Okolobiri and Ikarama. Ten percent of the household was finally used for the household questionnaire administration. The total number of questionnaire administered for the households was 528 while 465 were retrieved. Findings from this paper shows that 86.2%  of the respondents claimed that school infrastructure was damaged due to flood, 69.5% agreed that health facilities were damaged, 80.6% agreed on disruption in accessing hospital services due to flood, 77.4% agreed that sources of drinking water was affected by flood; and 85.2% perceived that sanitary facilities were affected due to flood. Further evidence from the paper indicates that the causes of vulnerability to flood in Yenagoa LGA are residing on the flooded area (52.9%) and lack of alternative livelihoods (48.8%).   The coping strategies among the residents as revealed from the paper are preparing mosquito net (21.1%), construction of permanent embankment along water front (23.4%) and relocation (49.5%). The paper therefore recommends among others periodic carrying out of flood hazard and risk mapping  to reduce flood damages in the flooded areas of Yenagoa LGA, construction of dams across the major rivers to regulate the volume of water and commensurate assistance to the affected residents by Government. Key words: Impact, 2012 Nigeria Flood, Emergent Cities, Vulnerability, Disaster

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Collins H. Wizor

Papers

Geo-Spatial Analysis of Urban Wetlands Loss in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria

Residential Development Dynamics in Port Harcourt Metropolis: Implication for Efficient Urban Planning

Geospatial Mapping and Analysis of the 2012 Nigeria Flood Disaster Extent in Yenagoa City, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Spatial Analysis of the Impacts of Crop Farmers and Cattle Herders Conflicts on Community Development in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Impact of the 2012 Nigeria Flood on Emergent Cities of Nigeria: The Case of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State