This report highlights the differential impacts that the world food crisis of 2006-2008 had on different countries, with the poorest being most affected.
This year’s report focuses on the costs of food price volatility, as well as the dangers and opportunities presented by high food prices. Climate change and an increased frequency of weather shocks, increased linkages between energy and agricultural markets due to growing demand for biofuels, and increased financialization of food and agricultural commodities all suggest that price volatility is here to stay. The report describes the effects of price volatility on food security and presents policy options to reduce volatility in a cost-effective manner and to manage it when it cannot be avoided.

The state of food insecurity in the world 2011: how does international price volatility affect domestic economies and food security?

Climate change could potentially interrupt progress toward a world without hunger. A robust and coherent global pattern is discernible of the impacts of climate change on crop productivity that could have consequences for food availability. The stability of whole food systems may be at risk under climate change because of short-term variability in supply. However, the potential impact is less clear at regional scales, but it is likely that climate variability and change will exacerbate food insecurity in areas currently vulnerable to hunger and undernutrition. Likewise, it can be anticipated that food access and utilization will be affected indirectly via collateral effects on household and individual incomes, and food utilization could be impaired by loss of access to drinking water and damage to health. The evidence supports the need for considerable investment in adaptation and mitigation actions toward a “climate-smart food system” that is more resilient to climate change influences on food security.

Climate change impacts on global food security

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The growth of incarceration in the United States: exploring causes and consequences

Micronutrients are essential to sustain life and for optimal physiological function. Widespread global micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) exist, with pregnant women and their children under 5 years at the highest risk. Iron, iodine, folate, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies are the most widespread MNDs, and all these MNDs are common contributors to poor growth, intellectual impairments, perinatal complications, and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency is the most common MND worldwide and leads to microcytic anemia, decreased capacity for work, as well as impaired immune and endocrine function. Iodine deficiency disorder is also widespread and results in goiter, mental retardation, or reduced cognitive function. Adequate zinc is necessary for optimal immune function, and deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections, major causes of death in those <5 years of age. Folic acid taken in early pregnancy can prevent neural tube defects. Folate is essential for DNA synthesis and repair, and deficiency results in macrocytic anemia. Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and also impairs immune function and cell differentiation. Single MNDs rarely occur alone; often, multiple MNDs coexist. The long-term consequences of MNDs are not only seen at the individual level but also have deleterious impacts on the economic development and human capital at the country level. Perhaps of greatest concern is the cycle of MNDs that persists over generations and the intergenerational consequences of MNDs that we are only beginning to understand. Prevention of MNDs is critical and traditionally has been accomplished through supplementation, fortification, and food-based approaches including diversification. It is widely accepted that intervention in the first 1,000 days is critical to break the cycle of malnutrition; however, a coordinated, sustainable commitment to scaling up nutrition at the global level is still needed. Understanding the epidemiology of MNDs is critical to understand what intervention strategies will work best under different conditions.

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The Epidemiology of Global Micronutrient Deficiencies

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(11)60858-1.pdf

The health of prisoners

Human Rights Committee, UN

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Secretary General, UN

The article opens with three examples illustrating the need for an international framework that considers corporate actors as holders of legal obligations to protect human rights: (1) the unpunished criminal misconduct and human rights abuses by private military and security companies; (2) the private detention industry and immigrants, especially the perverse profit incentive to cut costs at the expense of the rights of the detainees; and (3) the dumping of toxic waste in States that lack government institutions that are able to hold corporations accountable. The article then describes the Framework (Protect, Respect, and Remedy: A Framework for Business and Human Rights) articulated by the Special Representative on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. Although the Framework is a definitive step forward in the dialogue about corporate accountability, it is severely undermined for the following reasons. First, the Framework imposes no new legal obligations upon corporations, and leaves these non-State actors to determine themselves what human rights may be material to their business. Second, by emphasizing the State's role in protecting their populations from harm, the Framework fails to consider situations where States cannot or will not enact domestic regulation that protects human rights. Third, from the corporate perspective, relegating legal obligations to States alone provides for complex regulatory systems where corporate operations are subject to differing legal standards depending on their field of operation and thus produce inefficiency affecting the corporate bottom line. Fourth, the Framework does no more than add to the current regime of voluntary corporate codes, which alone are insufficient to regain the needed political governance of economic globalization. The authors suggest that The Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights be used as a foundation to establish accountability and to bring corporate actors out of their legal grey zones.

International Legal Accountability Over Non-State Actors: An Analysis of the Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary General

/pdf/international-human-rights-procedures-4iqo4ptcff.pdf

Connie de la Vega

Papers

Human Rights Committee, UN

Secretary General, UN

International Legal Accountability Over Non-State Actors: An Analysis of the Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary General

International human rights procedures

Control Council Law No. 10