Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States.

Zoonotic spillover, which is the transmission of a pathogen from a vertebrate animal to a human, presents a global public health burden but is a poorly understood phenomenon. Zoonotic spillover requires several factors to align, including the ecological, epidemiological and behavioural determinants of pathogen exposure, and the within-human factors that affect susceptibility to infection. In this Opinion article, we propose a synthetic framework for animal-to-human transmission that integrates the relevant mechanisms. This framework reveals that all zoonotic pathogens must overcome a hierarchical series of barriers to cause spillover infections in humans. Understanding how these barriers are functionally and quantitatively linked, and how they interact in space and time, will substantially improve our ability to predict or prevent spillover events. This work provides a foundation for transdisciplinary investigation of spillover and synthetic theory on zoonotic transmission.

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Pathways to zoonotic spillover

Canine leishmaniosis - new concepts and insights on an expanding zoonosis: part one.

In October 1995, epidemic "hemorrhagic fever," without jaundice or renal manifestations, was reported in rural Nicaragua following heavy flooding; 2259 residents were evaluated for nonmalarial febrile illnesses (cumulative incidence, 6.1%) and 15 (0.7%) died with pulmonary hemorrhage. A case-control study found that case-patients were more likely than controls to have ever walked in creeks (matched odds ratio [MOR], 15.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-132.3), have household rodents (MOR, 10.4; 95% CI, 1.1-97.1), or own dogs with titers >/=400 to Leptospira species (MOR, 23.4; 95% CI, 3.6-infinity). Twenty-six of 51 case-patients had serologic or postmortem evidence of acute leptospirosis. Leptospira species were isolated from case-patients and potential animal reservoirs. This leptospirosis epidemic likely resulted from exposure to flood waters contaminated by urine from infected animals, particularly dogs. Leptospirosis should be included in the differential diagnosis for nonmalarial febrile illness, particularly during periods of flooding or when pulmonary hemorrhage occurs.

/pdf/epidemic-leptospirosis-associated-with-pulmonary-hemorrhage-1sa6dz8fpm.pdf

Epidemic Leptospirosis Associated with Pulmonary Hemorrhage—Nicaragua, 1995

Canine parvovirus—A review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c

Section I: Viral, Rickettsial, And Mycoplasmal Diseases. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral and Rickettsial Infections. Antiviral Drugs. Canine Distemper. Infectious Canine Hepatitis and Canine Acidophil Cell Hepatitis. Canine Herpesvirus Infection. Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis. Nonrespiratory Parainfluenza Virus Infection of Dogs. Canine Viral Enteritis. Canine Viral Papillomatosis. Feline Panleukopenia. Feline Coronavirus Infection. Feline Enteric Viral Infections. Feline Viral Neoplasia. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Feline Adenovirus Infection. Feline Respiratory Disease. Feline Syncytium-Forming Virus Infection. Feline Paramyxovirus Infections. Feline Poxvirus Infection. Hantavirus Infection. Feline Viral Papillomatosis. Rabies. Pseudorabies. Enterovirus Infections. Mumps and Influenza Virus Infections. Arboviral Infections. Salmon Poisoning Disease. Ehrlichiosis. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Q Fever, And Typhus. Haemobartonellosis. Chlamydial Infections. Mycoplasmal, Ureaplasmal, And L-Form Infections. Section Ii: Bacterial Diseases. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections. Antibacterial Chemotherapy. Streptococal and Other Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections. Staphylococcal Infections. Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections. Endotoxemia. Enteric Bacterial Infections. Canine Brucellosis. Anaerobic Infections. Botulism. Tetanus. Leptospirosis. Lyme Borreliosis. Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections. Plague. Tularemia. Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis. Mycobacterial Infections. Dermatophilosis. Feline Abscesses. Bite Wound Infections. Bartonellosis. Surgical and Traumatic Infections. Section Iii: Fungal Diseases. Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal and Algal Infections. Antifungal Chemotherapy. Dermatophytosis. Blastomycosis. Histoplasmosis. Cryptococcosis. Coccidioidomycosis. Sporotrichosis. Rhinosporidiosis. Aspergillosis and Penicilliosis. Candidiasis, Torulopsosis, And Rhodotorulosis. Trichospornosis. Miscellaneous Fungal Infections. Prothotecosis. Section Iv: Protozoal Diseases. Laboratory Diagnosis of Protozoal Infections. Antiprotozoal Chemotherapy. Trypanosomiasis. Leishmaniasis. Hepatozoonosis. Encephalitozoonosis. Cytauxzoonosis. Babesiosis. Enteric Protozoal Infections. Acanthamebiasis. Toxoplasmosis and Neosporosis. Enteric Coccidiosis. Cryptosporidiosis and Cyclosporiasis. Pneumocystosis. Neurologic Diseases of Suspected Infectious Origin. Section V: Clinical Problems. Integumentary Infections. Musculoskeletal Infections. Cardiovascular Infections. Respiratory Infections. Gastrointestinal and Intra-Abdominal Infections. Hepatobiliary Infections. Genitourinary Infections. Central Nervous System Infections. Ocular Infections. Environmental Factors in Infectious Diseases. Immunodeficiencies and Infectious Diseases. Fever. Prevention and Management of Infection in Catteries. Prevention and Management of Infections in Kennels. Immunocompromised People and Pets. Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy. Appendices: Canine Immunization Recommendations. Feline Immunization Recommendations. Canineand Feline Biologics Manufacturers and Products Available Worldwide. Compendium of Animal Rabies Control, 1998 National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. Laboratory Testing for Infectious Diseases of Dogs and Cats. Manufacturers of Diagnostic Test Kits and Their Products. Infectious Disease Rule-Outs for Medical Problems. Antimicrobial Drug Formulary.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb11241.x

Craig E. Greene

Papers

Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat