Atmospheric ice accretion is considered a severe safety issue for technical systems such as communication infrastructure, power lines, blades of wind turbines, and so on in cold climate regions. Among different sensing systems to detect and provide reliable information about the state of ice, capacitive sensing has been reported as a suitable technique. In capacitive sensing, measured capacitances are influenced due to ice accretion. Signal processing for ice sensors requires to estimate parameters for the state of ice from the data. In this paper, we present a model-based estimation approach for capacitive ice sensors. We analyze different electrode topologies for ice sensing and provide a statistical analysis of the sensor behavior. We hereby consider the random nature of natural ice accretion. From simulations, we show how a statistical model for the measurement process can be derived and demonstrate the construction of estimation algorithms within the Bayesian framework. We will demonstrate the capability of our approach for automated ice detection by means of long-term field data showing the ability to estimate ice layers with a precision better than 1 mm.

Signal Processing for Capacitive Ice Sensing: Electrode Topology and Algorithm Design

Atmospheric ice growth can be a potential hazard for structures like high-voltage lines, wind turbines or antennas in alpine regions Fibre optical ice sensing is a possible approach to detect and monitor ice accretion The sensing principle is based on the optical coupling between individual glass fibre bundles due to the accreted ice Recent publications show the feasibility of ice monitoring with this approach by means of experimental studies In this paper the properties and capabilities of fibre optical sensing for ice detection and thickness measurement are investigated by means of sensor modelling and sensor simulation, as well as dedicated measurements using a prototype A new sensor model is developed, which includes all relevant interactions between the sensor and the ice accretion process Simulations for different ice types are performed where the random nature of the ice accretion process is considered By means of the measurements, the simulation results are verified and the sensor can be assessed for different types of ice regarding its capabilities to detect early ice formation and to measure the ice thickness

Fibre Optical Ice Sensing: Sensor Model and Icing Experiments for Different Ice Types

This paper reviews the application of various advanced anti-icing and de-icing technologies in transmission lines. Introduces the influence of snowing and icing disasters on transmission lines, including a mechanical overload of steel towers, uneven icing or de-icing at different times, Ice-covered conductors galloping and icing flashover of insulators, as well as the icing disasters of transmission lines around the world in recent years. The formation of various icing categories on transmission lines, as well as the effect of meteorological factors, topography, altitude, line direction, suspension height, shape, and electric field on ice-covered transmission lines, are all discussed in this study. The application of various advanced anti/de-icing technologies and their advantages and disadvantages in power transmission lines are summarized. The anti/de-icing of traditional mechanical force, AC/DC short-circuit ice melting, and corona effect is introduced. Torque pendulum and diameter-expanded conductor (DEC) have remarkable anti-icing effects, and the early investment resources are less, the cost is low, and the later maintenance is not needed. In view of some deficiencies of AC and DC ice melting, the current transfer intelligent ice melting device (CTIIMD) can solve the problem well. The gadget has a good effect and high reliability for de-icing conductors in addition to being compact and inexpensive. The application of hydrophobic materials and heating coatings on insulators has a certain anti-icing effect, but the service life needs further research. Optimizing the shed’s construction and arranging several string kinds on the insulators is advisable to prevent icing and the anti-icing flashover effect. In building an insulator, only a different shed layout uses non-consumption energy.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/2/601/pdf?version=1672836833

A Review of Icing and Anti-Icing Technology for Transmission Lines

Zusammenfassung Winde und Luftströmungen stellen eine potentielle Bedrohung für Hochspannungsleitungen dar. Die Luftbewegungen lassen die Leiterseile in beliebige Richtungen schwingen und verursachen mechanischen Stress an den Aufhängepunkten und den Leiterseilen. Um die Amplitude der Seilauslenkung zu messen, kann ein Vibrationssensor, basierend auf einer Beschleunigungsmessung, an der Leitung angebracht werden. Damit der Sensor in einem solchen Umfeld korrekt arbeitet und die Auswertung der Seilauslenkung ordnungsgemäß erfolgt, müssen zuerst Überlegungen angestellt werden. In diesem Beitrag sind diese herausgestrichen und in einen Laborprototypen eingeflossen, welcher anhand von Laborexperimenten verifiziert und charakterisiert wurde. Die Leistungsaufnahme des Prototyps sowie dessen Messunsicherheit und der mittlere quadratische Fehler, bezogen auf die Auslenkung, werden präsentiert.

/pdf/self-sufficient-vibration-sensor-for-high-voltage-lines-1d15akljgn.pdf

Self-sufficient vibration sensor for high voltage lines

The authors have carried out tests on a 5-span section of 132-kV line to determine the jump height of the conductors after the release of simulated ice loads. They found that ice loads in excess of 1 lb/ft were sufficient to reduce the ground clearance of the lowest conductor below a safe level.

D.A. Swift

Papers

Effect of ice loads on overhead-line conductors