This paper presents the functionality of a commercialized fast charger for a lithium-ion electric vehicle propulsion battery. The device is intended to operate in a battery switch station, allowing an up-to 1-h recharge of a 25-kWh depleted battery, removed from a vehicle. The charger is designed as a dual-stage-controlled ac/dc converter. The input stage consists of a three-phase full-bridge diode rectifier combined with a reduced rating shunt active power filter. The input stage creates an uncontrolled pulsating dc bus while complying with the grid codes by regulating the total harmonic distortion and power factor according to the predetermined permissible limits. The output stage is formed by six interleaved groups of two parallel dc-dc converters, fed by the uncontrolled dc bus and performing the battery charging process. The charger is capable of operating in any of the three typical charging modes: constant current, constant voltage, and constant power. Extended simulation and experimental results are shown to demonstrate the functionality of the device.

Battery Charger for Electric Vehicle Traction Battery Switch Station

This paper presents a probabilistic harmonic simulation method to study the power-quality impact of electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed method takes into account the random operating characteristics of the vehicles, such as random charging time, charging duration, and vehicle locations. A multiphase model of the primary and secondary systems is used to represent the study system. Extensive case studies have been conducted using the method and the measured EV data. The results reveal that the current versions of plug-in hybrid EVs have no significant harmonic impact on power systems. However, the Level 1 charger can increase the neutral-to-earth voltage at homes which could lead to increased stray voltage incidents.

Method to Assess the Power-Quality Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles

The penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the transportation sector is increasing but conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) based vehicles dominates. To accelerate the adoption of EVs and to achieve sustainable transportation, the bottlenecks need to be elevated that mainly include the high cost EVs, range anxiety, lack of EV charging infrastructure, and the pollution of the grid due to EV chargers. The high cost of EVs is due to costly energy storage systems (ESS) with high energy density. This paper provides a comprehensive review of EV technology that mainly includes electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), ESS, and EV chargers. A detailed discussion is presented on the state-of-the-art of EV chargers that include on-/off-board chargers. Different topologies are discussed with low-/high-frequency transformers. The different available power levels for charging are discussed. To reduce the range anxiety the EV chargers based on inductive power transfer (IPT) are discussed. The last part of the paper focuses on the negative impact of EV chargers along with the remedies that can be adopted. The international standards decided by different institutions and adopted universally are discussed in the latter part of this paper and finally, this paper concludes with the near to future advancement in EV technology.

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A Comprehensive Review on Structural Topologies, Power Levels, Energy Storage Systems, and Standards for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Their Impacts on Grid

The smart grid vision has resulted in many demand side innovations such as nonintrusive load monitoring techniques, residential micro-grids, and demand response programs. Many of these techniques need a detailed residential network model for their research, evaluation, and validation. In response to such a need, this paper presents a sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) simulation platform for modeling and simulating low voltage residential networks. This platform targets the simulation of the quasi-steady-state network condition over an extended period such as 24 h. It consists of two main components. The first is a multiphase network model with power flow, harmonic, and motor starting study capabilities. The second is a load/generation behavior model that establishes the operating characteristics of various loads and generators based on time-of-use probability curves. These two components are combined together through an SMC simulation scheme. Four case studies are presented to demonstrate the applications of the proposed platform.

A Monte Carlo Simulation Platform for Studying Low Voltage Residential Networks

Electric Vehicles are marking a revolution all around the world owing to their environmental and socio-economical benefits They are going to invade the vehicle market and automobile industry along with efficient and user preferred updates From the utilities point of view, the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) to the distribution network brings challenges as well as opportunities One of the challenges is the demand, both pattern and amount that EV carry Will the infrastructure be able to facilitate the demand? What are the prevailing concerns over the electricity grid during this transition? This paper provides an overview of the grid impacts associated with PEV grid integration

Overview of the impacts of plug-in electric vehicles on the power grid

This report compares the performance of five types of battery chargers for use with electric vehicles. Chargers with and without controlled rectifiers for maintenance of constant charging current and with and without current-smoothing inductors are analyzed. Based on a typical electric vehicle battery pack and an 8 hour recharge cycle, current and voltage waveshapes, current harmonic levels, power, reactive and distortive volt-amperes, voltage distortion factor, and power factor are reported for each charger type.

D. G. Pileggi

Papers

Current Harmonics, Voltage Distortion, and Powers Associated with Battery Chargers Part I: Comparisons Among Different Types of Chargers