CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS Introduction Physical Properties Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties GLASSES Introduction Commercial Optical Glasses Specialty Optical Glasses Fused Silica Fluoride Glasses Chalcogenide Glasses Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties Special Glasses POLYMERIC MATERIALS Optical Plastics Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Thermal Properties Engineering Data METALS Physical Properties of Selected Metals Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Mirror Substrate Materials LIQUIDS Introduction Water Physical Properties of Selected Liquids Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Commercial Optical Liquids GASES Introduction Physical Properties of Selected Gases Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Atomic Resonance Filters APPENDICES Safe Handling of Optical Materials Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Mineralogical or Common Names for Optical Materials Abbreviations for Methods of Preparing Optical Materials and Thin Films Fundamental Physical Constants Units and Conversion Factors

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Handbook of Optical Materials

The real-time information processing and manipulation of electromagnetic waves using nonlinear Qptical techniques has resulted in a myriad of new applications in diverse fields such as quantum electronics, image processing, optical computing, adaptive optics, and nonlinear spectroscopy. In this paper, we review and explore the field, provide a historical perspective, analyze several of the nonlinear interactions useful for the generation of phase-conjugate replicas, and conclude with a brief survey of potential applications and suitable nonlinear media.

Nonlinear Optical Phase Conjugation

Using a combination of semiconductor theory and experimental results from the scientific literature, we have compiled and plotted the key third-order nonlinear optical coefficients of bulk crystalline Si and Ge as a function of wavelength (1.5−6.7 μm for Si and 2–14.7 μm for Ge). The real part of third-order nonlinear dielectric susceptibility (χ(3)′), the two-photon absorption coefficient (βTPA), and the Raman gain coefficient (gR), have been investigated. Theoretical predictions were used to curve-fit the experimental data. For a spectral range in which no experimental data exists, we estimate and fill in the missing knowledge. Generally, these coefficient-values appear quite useful for a host of device applications, both Si and Ge offer large χ(3)′ and gR with Ge offering the stronger nonlinearity. In addition, we use the same theory to predict the third-order nonlinear optical coefficients of Si1−xGex alloy. By alloying Si and Ge, device designers can gain flexibility in tuning desired optical coefficients in between the two fundamental components based upon their application requirements.

The third-order nonlinear optical coefficients of Si, Ge, and Si1−xGex in the midwave and longwave infrared

In this article active non-linear optical effects in semiconductors are reviewed. These processes arise because of the dynamics of excited populations of charge carriers temporarily created in otherwise empty states when a beam of laser radiation is incident on the material. A large number of different effects have been observed in different semiconductor materials recently and the non-linearities cover a wide range of magnitudes both in time-scale and size of non-linearity. The theory and physical concepts relevant to these processes are described and experimental observations using both high power pulsed and low power c.w. lasers are reviewed. Applications in optical bistability, phase conjugation, optical gating and optoelectronic gating are discussed.

Dynamic non-linear optical processes in semiconductors

The recently discovered generation of conjugate waves in the course of observing several nonlinear optical phenomena has attracted a lot of attention in the international technical community Much of the interest arises from a fascination with the idea of “time reversal” and with impressive, almost magical demonstrations in which severely distorted optical beams can be restored to their original, unaberrated state

Applications of optical phase conjugation

Phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing in the 4-μm region in germanium has been observed for both single-line and multiline radiation. By using single-line output of a DF laser at 3.8 μm, χ3 has been measured to be 4 × 10−11 esu. Phase conjugation of multiline laser output has been achieved with an efficiency of 0.03%, a level that is consistent with the susceptibility found for single-line phase conjugation and the assumption of independent conjugation of each line of the multiline output.

Multiline phase conjugation at 4 microm in germanium.

We compare theoretical calculations with experimental data for phase conjugation via degenerate four-wave mixing processes in NH3. The theory is based on a quantum-mechanical rotovibrational model of ammonia that includes molecular absorption. Calculations demonstrate that phase conjugation in NH3 is sensitive to absorption and that there is a dip in the phase conjugate efficiency on resonance, caused by Doppler broadening. Calculated efficiencies are in order-of-magnitude agreement with the experimental ones.

D. Haueisen

Papers

Multiline phase conjugation at 4 microm in germanium.

Phase conjugation in ammonia

Observation of infrared phase conjugation in molecular gases