Many species of insects display dispersing and nondispersing morphs. Among these, aphids are one of the best examples of taxa that have evolved specialized morphs for dispersal versus reproduction. The dispersing morphs typically possess a full set of wings as well as a sensory and reproductive physiology that is adapted to flight and reproducing in a new location. In contrast, the nondispersing morphs are wingless and show adaptations to maximize fecundity. In this review, we provide an overview of the major features of the aphid wing dimorphism. We first provide a description of the dimorphism and an overview of its phylogenetic distribution. We then review what is known about the mechanisms underlying the dimorphism and end by discussing its evolutionary aspects.

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Wing Dimorphism in Aphids

This paper compiles and summarizes a great deal of extremely pertinent Russian language literature (most of which has remained little known and inaccessible to western scientists) covering virtually all of the basic early reports of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov, 1913), and traces the evolution of this insect into one of the world's most damaging pests of small grains. A longstanding error in the authorship of D. noxia is corrected. An original taxonomic key to the apterous vivipara of species of Diuraphis is proposed. Various old-world parasitoid, predator, and native host plant associations with Diuraphis species are described from the literature, and a number of potentially useful aphidophagous insects are identified and collection sites recommended.



Zusammenfassung

Diuraphis Aizenberg (Hom., Aphididae): Bestimmungsschlussel fur die ungeflugelten, viviparen Weibchen sowie Uberblick zur russischsprachigen Literatur uber die Bionomie von Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov, 1913)



Die Arbeit fast einen grosen Teil der russischsprachigen Literatur (die uberwiegend in westlichen Landern wenig bekannt und erreichbar ist) uber die russische Weizenblattlaus Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) zusammen und verfolgt die Entwicklung dieser Blattlaus zu einem der grosten Getreideschadlinge der Welt. Ein langandauernder Irrtum uber die Urheberschaft dieser Spezies wird korrigiert. Es wird ein eigener Bestimmungsschlussel uber die ungeflugelten Viviparen der Gattung Diuraphis aufgestellt. Die verschiedenen altweltlichen Parasitoiden und Pradatoren sowie die ursprungliche Wirtspflanzen-Assoziation mit Diuraphis-Arten werden an Hand der Literatur wiedergegeben. Schlieslich wird eine Anzahl moglicherweise nutzbarer Aphidophagen betrachtet.

Diuraphis Aizenberg (Hom., Aphididae): key to apterous viviparous females, and review of Russian language literature on the natural history of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov, 1913)

Aphids constitute a diverse group of plant-feeding insects and are among the most important crop pests in temperate regions. Their morphological identification is time-consuming and requires specific knowledge, training and skills that may take years to acquire. We assessed the advantages and limits of DNA barcoding with the standard COI barcode fragment for the identification of European aphids. We constructed a large reference dataset of barcodes from 1020 specimens belonging to 274 species and 87 genera sampled throughout Europe and set up a database-driven website allowing species identification from query sequences.


Results 
In this unbiased sampling of the taxonomic diversity of European aphids, intraspecific divergence ranged from 0.0% to 3.9%, with a mean value of 0.29%, whereas mean congeneric divergence was 6.4%, ranging from 0.0% to 15%. Neighbor-joining analysis generated a tree in which most species clustered in distinct genetic units. Most of the species with undifferentiated or overlapping barcodes belonged to the genus Aphis or, to a lesser extent, the genera Brachycaudus, Dysaphis and Macrosiphum. The taxa involved were always morphologically similar or closely related and belonged to species groups known to present taxonomic difficulties.


Conclusions 
These data confirm that COI barcoding is a useful identification tool for aphids. Barcode identification is straightforward and reliable for 80% of species, including some difficult to distinguish on the basis of morphological characters alone. Unsurprisingly, barcodes often failed to distinguish between species from groups for which classical taxonomy has also reached its limits, leading to endless revisions and discussions about species and subspecies definitions. In such cases, the development of an effective procedure for the accurate identification of aphid specimens continues to pose a difficult challenge.

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DNA barcoding and the associated PhylAphidB@se website for the identification of European aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Aphids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) are most diverse in the temperate northern hemisphere, with only a few lineages native to the southern hemisphere. The highly diverse subfamily Aphidinae probably gained its dominance from a successful northern hemisphere radiation in the Tertiary. A few species in the tribe Aphidini, however, are indigenous to Gondwanan regions, including New Zealand and Australia. The conventional view is that these species dispersed to the south from the northern hemisphere after the main Tertiary radiation. We tested this hypothesis in a phylogenetic context by reconstructing relationships among New Zealand indigenous Aphidini, as well as their relationships to several northern taxa. Phylogenies were reconstructed from molecular data using independent and combined analyses of mitochondrial tRNA leucine + cytochrome oxidase II and nuclear elongation factor-1α (EF1α) sequences, with both parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. These analyses recovered a highly sup...

Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of New Zealand Indigenous Aphidini Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae): An Hypothesis

Phylogenetic relationships among members of the Aphid genus Brachycaudus (Homoptera: Aphididae) were inferred from partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome B oxidase (CytB), two partial fragments of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) and the internal transcribed spacer II (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA Twenty-nine species, with several specimens per species, were included, representing all the historically recognized species-groups and subgenera used in the genus except the monospecific subgenus Mordvilkomemor Results indicate that the genus Brachycaudus is a well-supported monophyletic group While our results validate the monophyly of subgenera Thuleaphis, Appelia and Brachycaudus s str, they reveal two discrepancies in the classical taxonomy First, the monotypic subgenus Nevskyaphis does not appear valid Second, the traditionally defined Acaudus subgenus is not monophyletic On the other hand, our phylogenetic trees corroborate Andreev's recent definition of Acaudus and Brachycaudina However, they clearly show that the subgenera Prunaphis, Nevskyaphis and Scrophulaphis as defined by this author do not form monophyletic groups Our results also highlight a highly supported clade that has not been discussed by previous authors; this clade could form a new subgenus, the subgenus Nevskyaphis Finally, our study shows that molecular data and morphology meet the same limits in delimiting species groups and species themselves Species groups in which taxonomic treatment is difficult are polytomous Furthermore, except for one node clustering Brachycaudus s str and Appelia, intersubgeneric relationships remain poorly resolved even when several genes are added to the phylogenetic analysis These results, together with previous studies in other aphid groups suggest that diversification might have been a rapid process in aphids

Molecular phylogeny and systematic in the genus Brachycaudus (Homoptera: Aphididae): insights from a combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes

1. Ramitrichophorus nov. subgen. Macrosiphoniella janckei Borner, 1939 (Arb. phys. angew. Entom., vol. VI, p. 83), found on Helichrysum arenarium, differs from all species of Macrosiphoniella which I have seen in the structure of its hairs, rostrum and cauda. The dorsal hairs and partly those on the legs and antennae are long and not thicker than in other Macrosiphoniella's but their apex is flattened and ramose, sometimes bifid. The ultimate rostral segment is Fig. 1. Ramitrichophorus janckei (Borner), apt. viv. fern.: a, siphunculus; b, cauda; c, last rostral segments. X 140. exceedingly long and narrow, about 1 2/3 times as long as second joint of hind tarsi and nearly 5/6 of the siphunculi. The hairs on this joint are very short and thin, while in typical Macrosiphoniella the longest hairs stand on basal half. The cauda is shortly triangular and acute. Scleroites are vaguely visible in the specimen which I received, and antesiphuncular sclerites are present. It seems desirable, with regard to the shape of the ultimate rostral segment, hairs and cauda, to erect a separate subgenus for this species, Ramitrichophorus nov. subgen., type Macrosiphoniella janckei Borner, 1939. 2. Macrosiphoniella chamomillae nov. spec. Apterous viviparous female. Morphological characters. Body rather large, spindle-shaped, about 2.703.15 mm long. Hairs not on distinct scleroites, rather long; VIIIth abd. tergite with 6 hairs. Antesiphuncular sclerites absent or colourless. Head faintly dusky, with the sides between the bases of the antennae and the

/pdf/on-some-mainly-western-european-aphids-wd3pw3q4uq.pdf

On some mainly Western European Aphids

1. The genus Atheroides Haliday Of this genus 3 Western European species are known : A. serrulatus Hal. (syn. festucae Mordv.?), A. hirtellus Hal. (syn. A. junci Laing) and A. brevicornis Laing. a) A. serrulatus Hal. is quite common. It lives on Poa annua often, but prefers species of grass with narrow, folded leaves, such as Festuca ovina, F. rubra, Nardus etc. b) A. hirtellus Hal. is not rare on Aira caespitosa. It seems to live on that plant only. c) A. brevicornis Laing is extremely common along the muddy seashores of the Netherlands. It prefers Festuca thalassica and F. distans, the two typical species of grass growing there 2). The alatae have not yet been described and therefore I add a short description. The apterae have been described excellently by Laing, but I redescribe them for comparison. Atheroides brevicornis Laing Apterous viviparous female. Morphological characters. Body very elongated oval, nearly linear. Tergum strongly sclerotic, usually uniformly dark, very coarsely corrugated, covered with clubshaped or inverse-bottleshaped hairs with blunt, sometimes emarginate apex; the bases of the hairs look like perforations of the dark sclerite. Head fused with prothorax, but suture very distinct; mesothorax, metathorax and first abdominal tergite free; abdominal tergite II— VII fused, second sometimes partly free ; eighth tergite semicircular, free. Head semicircular; front convex, with one, often normal, spiny hair standing over the base of each antenna; a pair of hairs more towards the middle,

/pdf/on-some-western-european-aphids-3ewnqu6ip9.pdf

On some Western European Aphids

INTRODUCTION
The second author in 1959 and 1960 collected aphids in the Netherlands.
Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Southeastern France, Israel and Iran, concentrating on Phyllaphidine ("Callipterine") aphids. Many species were reared and used for small experiments. In the Netherlands, Austria, and during the period of 22 August 1959 to 13 September 1959 in Southern France, the first author took part in the aphid hunt. The resulting material was handed to the first author for preliminary identification.
A considerable number of undescribed species was discovered. Rather than merely publish the descriptions we have decided to write a more comprehensive paper. The study of some species, e.g., Therioaphis ononidis (Kaltenbach), over their territory gave us an insight into their intraspecific variability and this knowledge could then be applied to such controversial species as Therioaphis trifolii (Monell).
THE HISTORY OF THE GENUS THERIOAPHIS WALKER, 1870 F. Walker very briefly described the genus and indicated Aphis ononidis Kaltenbach, 1846, as the type. As according to Doncaster (1961), Aphis ononidis Kaltenbach is still present among Walker's slides, no confusion about the type is possible. Borner (1949) erected the new genera Triphyllaphis, Pterocallidium and Myzocallidium which will have to be discussed in some detail.
Triphyllaphis Borner, 1949, type Triphyllaphis luteola Borner, 1949, is distinguished from the other genera by the presence of pleural hairs in first instar larvae and adults, and the conical shape and absence of notable pigmentation of the hair-bearing processi in apterae. We can confirm the

/pdf/on-the-genus-therioaphis-walker-1870-with-descriptions-of-3n5rk5foqu.pdf

On the genus Therioaphis walker, 1870 with descriptions of new species (Homoptera, Aphididae)

INTRODUCTION
Of this genus, originally described from Japan, but apparently widely spread in the tropical and temperate parts of the southern hemisphere, only seven species are known. However, since the four species on Podocarpus all seem to infest only one or two species of their host plant genus, many more Neophyllaphis may exist, for there are about 50 more species of Podocarpus that have to be searched for aphids. The genus Chileaphis Essig, 1953 from Chile differs from Neophyllaphis almost only by the apterae viviparae having compound eyes, but because compound eyes are also present in apterous oviparae of Neophyllaphis, I consider Chileaphis at most a subgenus of Neophyllaphis.
Key to subgenera of Neophyllaphis Takahashi 1 (2) Cauda in viviparae with the knob round or elongate, not nearly as thick as the length of the second joint of the hind tarsi. Apterae viviparae only with triommatidia. Oviparae with pseudosensoria only on hind tibiae(?).....
 Neophyllaphis Takahashi 2 (1) Cauda in viviparae with an extremely thick knob, which is thicker than the length of the second joint of the hind tarsi. Apterae viviparae with multicorneal eyes besides the triommatidia. Oviparae with pseudosensoria on all tibiae Chileaphis Essig Subgenus Neophyllaphis Takahashi, 1920 Key to species A. Alate viviparous females. 1 (2) Cauda with the knob round, or wider than long, with 10 or more hairs. The part of IIIrd antennal segment opposite the rhinaria quite smooth. On Podo-

/pdf/on-the-genus-neophyllaphis-takahashi-1920-homoptera-4lkjh8ozkp.pdf

On the genus Neophyllaphis Takahashi, 1920 (Homoptera, Aphididae) with descriptions of two new species

INTRODUCTION
Hitherto only one species of Nevskyella Ossiannilsson, 1954, was known, viz., the type, Nevskya fungifera Ossiannilsson, 1953. This has only been found near Uppsala, Sweden on Carex caryophyllea Latour ( = C. verna Chaix = C. praecox Jacq.). A very similar species found in three departments of southern France is described hereafter.
Nevskyella meridionalis nov. spec.
Apterous viviparous female.
Morphological characters. — Body about 1.35 to 1.80 mm long, elongated oval, often quite slender, not depressed. Pigmentation of body very nearly like that figured by Ossiannilsson (1935, p. 235, fig. 1) for the type species, but usually the meso-metathoracic blotches extended more cephalad and often connected with the blotches of the pronotum; the blotches very dark brown to blackish, paler to pale around the bases of the hairs, darker around the siphunculi and on eighth abdominal tergite. The pigmented and the pale dorsal areas covered with low, rather flat warts which in dorsal view look like oval or irregular "rings"; only on the sides of the vertex, around the siphunculi and on the eighth abdominal tergite lines of granular nodules are present. Dorsal hairs numerous, all mushroom-shaped, like Cantharellus.
Seventh abdominal tergite much wider than eighth, with a fan-shaped hair on each of the rounded, verrucose, processus-like posterior corners; eighth tergite above the cauda with a pair of parallel, fingertip-shaped processi, which are about ¾ of the length of first antennal segment, either of which bears 2 stout, often curved hairs of 0.025 to 0.050 mm with blunt or slightly widened, flat apices. The processi have more or less oblique apices if the

/pdf/a-new-species-of-nevskyella-ossiannilsson-1954-homoptera-4xc7pkab0r.pdf

D. Hille Ris Lambers

Papers

On some mainly Western European Aphids

On some Western European Aphids

On the genus Therioaphis walker, 1870 with descriptions of new species (Homoptera, Aphididae)

On the genus Neophyllaphis Takahashi, 1920 (Homoptera, Aphididae) with descriptions of two new species

A new species of Nevskyella Ossiannilsson, 1954 (Homoptera, Aphididae)