Preparing the books to read every day is enjoyable for many people. However, there are still many people who also don't like reading. This is a problem. But, when you can support others to start reading, it will be better. One of the books that can be recommended for new readers is computer aided analysis of electronic circuits algorithms and computational techniques. This book is not kind of difficult book to read. It can be read and understand by the new readers.

Computer-aided analysis of electronic circuits: Algorithms and computational techniques

How Many People Can the Earth Support? By Joel E. Cohen. Norton: 1995. Pp. 532. $30, £22.50. UK publication date, 27 March.

Book of numbers

It is now well established that both thunderclouds and lightning routinely emit x-rays and gamma-rays. These emissions appear over wide timescales, ranging from sub-microsecond bursts of x-rays associated with lightning leaders, to sub-millisecond bursts of gamma-rays seen in space called terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, to minute long glows from thunderclouds seen on the ground and in or near the cloud by aircraft and balloons. In particular, terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs), which are thought to be emitted by thunderclouds, are so bright that they sometimes saturate detectors on spacecraft hundreds of kilometers away. These TGFs also generate energetic secondary electrons and positrons that are detected by spacecraft in the inner magnetosphere. It is generally believed that these x-ray and gamma-ray emissions are generated, via bremsstrahlung, by energetic runaway electrons that are accelerated by electric fields in the atmosphere. In this paper, we review this newly emerging field of High-Energy Atmospheric Physics, including the production of runaway electrons, the production and propagation of energetic radiation, and the effects of both on atmospheric electrodynamics.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11214-012-9894-0.pdf

High-Energy Atmospheric Physics: Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes and Related Phenomena

This review paper, prepared for this second special issue on lightning of the IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, summarizes major publications on lightning and lightning protection since the first special issue published in November 1998, i.e., during the last decade. The review is organized in the following five sections: lightning discharge-observations, lightning discharge-modeling, lightning occurrence characteristics/lightning locating systems, lightning electromagnetic pulse and lightning-induced effects, and protection against lightning-induced effects.

/pdf/overview-of-recent-progress-in-lightning-research-and-3nshvbrq5k.pdf

Overview of Recent Progress in Lightning Research and Lightning Protection

Blue jets, gigantic jets, cloud-to-cloud discharges and cloud-to-ground lightning are all electrical discharges from thunderclouds. An analysis of numerical simulations and observations of these phenomena places them all in a unifying framework. Thunderstorms occasionally produce upward discharges, called blue jets and gigantic jets, that propagate out of the storm top towards or up to the ionosphere1,2,3,4. Whereas the various types of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning are reasonably well understood, the cause and nature of upward discharges remains a mystery. Here, we present a combination of observational and modelling results that indicate two principal ways in which upward discharges can be produced. The modelling indicates that blue jets occur as a result of electrical breakdown between the upper storm charge and the screening charge attracted to the cloud top; they are predicted to occur 5–10 s or less after a cloud-to-ground or intracloud discharge produces a sudden charge imbalance in the storm. An observation is presented of an upward discharge that supports this basic mechanism. In contrast, we find that gigantic jets begin as a normal intracloud discharge between dominant mid-level charge and a screening-depleted upper-level charge, that continues to propagate out of the top of the storm. Observational support for this mechanism comes from similarity with ‘bolt-from-the-blue’ discharges5 and from data on the polarity of gigantic jets6. We conclude that upward discharges are analogous to cloud-to-ground lightning. Our explanation provides a unifying view of how lightning escapes from a thundercloud.

Upward Electrical Discharges From Thunderstorms

https://philpapers.org/archive/SERIOP.pdf

Interpretation of percolation in terms of infinity computations

Infinity computations in cellular automaton forest-fire model

We have investigated the fractal dynamics of intracloud microdischarges responsible for the formation of a so-called drainage system of electric charge transport inside a cloud volume. Microdischarges are related to the nonlinear stage of multiflow instability development, which leads to the generation of a small-scale intracloud electric structure. The latter is modeled by using a two-dimensional lattice of finite-state automata. The results of numerical simulations show that the developed drainage system belongs to the percolation-cluster family. We then point out the parameter region relevant to the proposed model, in which the thundercloud exhibits behavior corresponding to a regime of self-organized criticality. The initial development and statistical properties of dynamic conductive clusters are investigated, and a kinetic equation is introduced, which permits us to find state probabilities of electric cells and to estimate macroscopic parameters of the system.

Fractal dynamics of electric discharges in a thundercloud

The electric fields observed in thunderclouds have the peak values one order of magnitude smaller than the electric strength of air. This fact renders the issue of the lightning-discharge initiation one of the most intriguing problems of thunderstorm electricity. In this work, the lightning initiation in a thundercloud is considered as a noise-induced kinetic transition. The stochastic electric field of the charged hydrometeors is the noise source. The considered kinetic transition has some features which distinguish it from other lightning-initiation mechanisms. First, the dynamic realization of this transition, which is due to interaction of the electron and ion components, is extended for a time significantly exceeding the spark-discharge development time. In this case, the fast attachment of electrons generated by supercritical bursts of the electric field of hydrometeors is balanced during long-term time intervals by the electron-release processes when the negative ions are destroyed. Second, an important role in the transition kinetics is played by the stochastic drift of electrons and ions caused by the small-scale fluctuations of the field of charged hydrometeors. From the formal mathematical viewpoint, this stochastic drift is indistinguishable from the scalar-impurity advection in a turbulent flow. In this work, it is shown that the efficiency of “advective mixing” is several orders of magnitude greater than that of the ordinary diffusion. Third, the considered transition leads to a sharp increase in the conductivity in the exponentially rare compact regions of space against the background of the vanishingly small variations in the average conductivity of the medium. In turn, the spots with increased conductivity are polarized in the mean field followed by the streamer initiation and discharge contraction.

Lightning-Discharge Initiation as a Noise-Induced Kinetic Transition

This paper presents a new attempt to model two-dimensional mesospheric optical emissions named sprites with the use of a cellular automaton network. A large-scale model of sprites based on the phenomenological percolation-like probabilistic approach is developed to model streamer discharges in sprites. It is shown that a sprite is a self-affine structure rather than a simple fractal one, and that this self-affine structure is tightly connected with directed percolation phenomena. The system is found to evolve in the vicinity of the percolation threshold, which results in a wide variety of sprite characteristics even under similar initial conditions. The approach developed allows us to estimate a maximum size of the discharge pattern to be formed.

D. I. Iudin

Papers

Interpretation of percolation in terms of infinity computations

Infinity computations in cellular automaton forest-fire model

Fractal dynamics of electric discharges in a thundercloud

Lightning-Discharge Initiation as a Noise-Induced Kinetic Transition

Cellular automaton modeling of mesospheric optical emissions : Sprites