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Medical Instrumentation Application And Design

Clustering Objectives in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Research Direction Analysis

Internet of Things (IoT) plays a vital role in the field of healthcare. The development of smart sensors, smart devices, advanced lightweight communication protocols made the possibility of interconnecting medical things to monitor biomedical signals and diagnose the diseases of patients without human intervention and termed as Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). This paper portrays an overview of Internet of Medical Things based remote healthcare, tracking ingestible sensors, mobile health, smart hospitals, enhanced chronic disease treatment.

Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) - An overview

New solutions for managing waste have emerged due to the rise of Smart Cities and the Internet of Things. These solutions can also be applied in rural environments, but they require the deployment of a low cost and low consumption sensor network which can be used by different applications. Wireless technologies such as LoRa and low consumption microcontrollers, such as the SAM L21 family make the implementation and deployment of this kind of sensor network possible. This paper introduces a waste monitoring and management platform used in rural environments. A prototype of a low consumption wireless node is developed to obtain measurements of the weight, filling volume and temperature of a waste container. This monitoring allows the progressive filling data of every town container to be gathered and analysed as well as creating alerts in case of incidence. The platform features a module for optimising waste collection routes. This module dynamically generates routes from data obtained through the deployed nodes to save energy, time and consequently, costs. It also features a mobile application for the collection fleet which guides every driver through the best route—previously calculated for each journey. This paper presents a case study performed in the region of Salamanca to evaluate the efficiency and the viability of the system’s implementation. Data used for this case study come from open data sources, the report of the Castilla y Leon waste management plan and data from public tender procedures in the region of Salamanca. The results of the case study show a developed node with a great lifetime of operation, a large coverage with small deployment of antennas in the region, and a route optimization system which uses weight and volume measured by the node, and provides savings in cost, time and workforce compared to a static collection route approach.

Smart Waste Collection System with Low Consumption LoRaWAN Nodes and Route Optimization.

With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Internet of Things (IoT) and robotic systems are closely cooperating, reshaping their relations and managing to develop new-generation devices. Such disruptive technology corresponds to the backbone of the so-called Industry 4.0. The integration of robotic agents and IoT leads to the concept of the Internet of Robotic Things, in which innovation in digital systems is drawing new possibilities in both industrial and research fields, covering several domains such as manufacturing, agriculture, health, surveillance, and education, to name but a few. In this manuscript, the state-of-the-art of IoRT applications is outlined, aiming to mark their impact on several research fields, and focusing on the main open challenges of the integration of robotic technologies into smart spaces. IoRT technologies and applications are also discussed to underline their influence in everyday life, inducing the need for more research into remote and automated applications.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/12/3355/pdf

Internet of Robotic Things in Smart Domains: Applications and Challenges.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are spatially scattered independent sensors to track physical objects or monitor environmental data and collectively transmit the data to master station. WSN is deployed in numerous fields such as animal tracking, precision agriculture, environmental monitoring, security and surveillance, smart buildings, health care and so on. This paper presents various applications of WSN with the intention of disseminating various applications of WSN for the better understanding of the research community to apply WSN in further innovative fields.

Applications of wireless sensor networks — A survey

Wireless sensor networks based smart bin

In this work, a dual metal (DM) double-gate (DG) Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (DMDG-TFET) with drain-gate underlap is proposed to overcome the challenges in conventional TFET. The ON-current (Ion), OFF-current (Ioff), Ion/Ioff ratio, subthreshold swing (SS) and ambipolar current (Iambi) of the proposed device with drain underlap are investigated as gate length is scaled (LGATE) down. The proposed device gives a better suppression in leakage current and low ambipolar current. The suppressed leakage current (Ioff) and ambipolar current (Iambi) are 9.49 × 10−14 A/µm and 1.95 × 10−12 A/µm respectively for a gate length (LGATE) of 36 nm and a channel length (LCh) of 50 nm for a supply voltage of 0.5 V. Excellent switching behavior is achieved when gate length (LGATE) is 72% of the channel length (LCh). The proposed architecture is suitable for low power applications.

Impact of leakage current in germanium channel based DMDG TFET using drain-gate underlap technique

This paper presents the comparison between the CMOS dynamic latch comparators. High speed and low power comparators are essential building blocks of high speed analog to digital converters (ADCs). The comparator circuit take for study are dynamic latch comparator using preamplifier and dynamic latch with inverter buffer. Preamplifier dynamic latch circuit that consists of a preamplifier followed by a double regenerative dynamic latch, this preamplifier uses fully differential circuit which decreases the effects of offset voltage error due to device mismatch. Buffered dynamic latch circuit includes a basic dynamic latch comparator followed by an inverter buffer stage. The inverter buffers are added to isolate the comparator output and large node capacitance also used to minimize the offset errors. The circuit using SPICE tool with 0.18um technology and the supply voltage used 1.8V.

High-speed and low-power dynamic latch comparator

Improper disposal of solid waste that impacts human health and pollutes the environment, arising a need for successful and necessary collection of waste materials. However, most trash bins placed in cities can be seen overflowing due to traditional or inefficient waste management approaches. Therefore, a real-time remote monitoring system is needed to alert the level of garbage in bins to the relevant authority for immediate waste clearance. This paper presents the development and validation of a self-powered, simple connect, IoT solution to monitor the unfilled level of trash bins from a central monitoring station. The end sensor nodes of the developed IoT system are called Bin Level Monitoring Unit (BLMU) which are installed in every trash bin where the unfilled level needs to be monitored. Every BLMU measures the unfilled level of the trash bins and transmits it to a wireless access point unit (WAPU). Each WAPU receives the unfilled level data from several BLMUs and uploads it to the central server for storage and analysis. The waste collection authority can view and analyze the unfilled level of each bin using a smart graphical user interface. The following important experiments were carried out to validate the developed system: (1) the developed bin level monitoring system was tested by filling a trash bin with solid waste at various levels, and the corresponding unfilled level of the trash bin was monitored using the smart graphical user interface. (2) The life expectancy of the BLMU was evaluated as approximately 434 days. (3) The maximum transmission distance between a BLMU and a WAPU is 119 m. (4) The cost of a developed trash bin is 107 USD. Based on the results achieved, the developed trash bins can be suitable for smart cities.

D. Jackuline Moni

Papers

Applications of wireless sensor networks — A survey

Wireless sensor networks based smart bin

Impact of leakage current in germanium channel based DMDG TFET using drain-gate underlap technique

High-speed and low-power dynamic latch comparator

An IoT-based bin level monitoring system for solid waste management