Nanoencapsulation of hydrophobic and low-soluble food bioactive compounds within different nanocarriers

Threatening cancer with nanoparticle aided combination oncotherapy

Cyclodextrins are widely used excipients, composed of glucopyranose units with a cyclic structure. One of their most important properties, is that their inner cavity is hydrophobic, while their surface is hydrophilic. This enables them for the complex formation with lipophilic molecules. They have several applications in the pharmaceutical field like solubility enhancers or the building blocks of larger drug delivery systems. On the other hand, they have numerous effects on cells or biological barriers. In this review the most important properties of cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin-based drug delivery systems are summarized with special focus on their biological activity.

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Cyclodextrins in Drug Delivery Systems and Their Effects on Biological Barriers

In the past 40 years, the nanoparticle drug delivery system for tumor peptide vaccines has been widely studied which also reached a splendid result. Nanomaterial can enhance the targeting of vaccines, help vaccines enter the cells and trigger immune response by themselves. They also help in increasing cellular uptake, improving permeability and efficacy. Currently, several categories of nanopreparation, such as liposome, polymeric micelle, polymeric nanoparticle, gold nanoparticle and so on, are proved that they are appropriate for peptide vaccines. This review we discussed the possible mechanisms of nanomaterial’s action on the regulation of immunological functions and several major applications of this advanced drug delivery system for tumor peptide vaccine.

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems: an excellent carrier for tumor peptide vaccines.

Nowadays, research in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine has become increasingly predominant, focusing on the manipulation and development of materials on a nanometer scale. Polysaccharides have often been used as they are safe, non-toxic, hydrophilic, biodegradable and are low cost. Among them, starch derivatives and, in particular, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD NSs) have recently emerged due to the outstanding properties attributable to their peculiar structure. In fact, alongside the common polysaccharide features, such as the presence of tunable functional groups and their ability to interact with biological tissues, thus giving rise to bioadhesion, which is particularly useful in drug delivery, what makes CD NSs unique is their three-dimensional network made up of crosslinked cyclodextrin units. The name "nanosponge" appeared for the first time in the 1990s due to their nanoporous, sponge-like structure and responded to the need to overcome the limitations of native cyclodextrins (CDs), particularly their water solubility and inability to encapsulate charged and large molecules efficiently. Since CD NSs were introduced, efforts have been made over the years to understand their mechanism of action and their capability to host molecules with low or high molecular weight, charged, hydrophobic or hydrophilic by changing the type of cyclodextrin, crosslinker and degree of crosslinking used. They enabled great advances to be made in various fields such as agroscience, pharmaceutical, biomedical and biotechnological sectors, and NS research is far from reaching its conclusion. This review gives an overview of CD NS research, focusing on the origin and key points of the historical development in the last 50 years, progressing from relatively simple crosslinked networks in the 1960s to today's multifunctional polymers. The approach adopted in writing the present study consisted in exploring the historical evolution of NSs in order to understand their role today, and imagine their future.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/5/1122/pdf

History of Cyclodextrin Nanosponges.

Cross-linked, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges for curcumin delivery - Physicochemical characterization, drug release, stability and cytotoxicity

Nanocarrier mediated combination drug delivery for chemotherapy – A review

Cyclodextrin nanosponge based hydrogel for the transdermal co-delivery of curcumin and resveratrol: Development, optimization, in vitro and ex vivo evaluation

The purpose of the study was to explore the effect of different type of crosslinked cyclodextrins for the delivery of poorly soluble, photosensitive drug, resveratrol. Crosslinkers, diphenyl carbonate and pyromellitic dianhydride were used to prepare carbonyl (NS-I) and carboxylate (NS-II) crosslinked cyclodextrin respectively. The solubility and in silico molecular interaction of resveratrol with these NS at different crosslinker ratio were studied. The results showed enhanced solubility and better interaction of resveratrol with nanosponges prepared with 1:4 Cyclodextrin: crosslinker ratio. The drug-loaded nanosponges (RES-NS-I and II) prepared using 1:4 crosslinked NS-I and II were characterized using DSC, PXRD, SEM, FTIR and evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, photodegradation, in vitro drug release, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo oral bioavailability in rats. Physical characterization confirmed the molecular inclusion of drug with NS. The release of the drug was increased to 2.5–3 folds in the dissolution medium, with initial drug release faster with RES-NS-II. Photostability was enhanced to 2.3 fold with RES-NS-II. The cytotoxicity test exhibited 1.5 fold reduction in IC50 with drug-loaded NS. RES-NS-II exhibited 2.5 fold increase in Cmax and fourfold decrease in Tmax. Carboxylate crosslinked Cyclodextrin using pyromellitic dianhydride proves to be an effective nanocarrier for resveratrol.

Carbonyl and carboxylate crosslinked cyclodextrin as a nanocarrier for resveratrol: in silico, in vitro and in vivo evaluation

In the present study, the anti-arthritic effect of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum phlomidis on Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis has been studied in Wistar albino rats. The loss of body weight during the arthritic condition was corrected on treatment with ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum phlomidis at 250 and 500 mg.kgbody weights. The swelling of the paws during the secondary lesions was also markedly reduced on treatment with ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum phlomidis and this result was confirmed using radiographic analysis and the changes in the density of Hind Limb Bone Mass (HLBM) was measured using photodensitometer and aluminium step wedge. The HLBM was significantly reduced on treatment with ethanolic extract (250 and 500 mg.kgbody weight) of Clerodendrum phlomidis and standard drug Indomethacin (10 mg.kg). From the result we observed that the ethanolic extract of Clerodendrum phlomidis possess potent anti-arthritic activity.

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D. Kilimozhi

Papers

Cross-linked, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges for curcumin delivery - Physicochemical characterization, drug release, stability and cytotoxicity

Nanocarrier mediated combination drug delivery for chemotherapy – A review

Cyclodextrin nanosponge based hydrogel for the transdermal co-delivery of curcumin and resveratrol: Development, optimization, in vitro and ex vivo evaluation

Carbonyl and carboxylate crosslinked cyclodextrin as a nanocarrier for resveratrol: in silico, in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Effect of Clerodendrum phlomidis on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats - a radiographic densitometric analysis.