Histologic Correlates of Gastrointestinal Ultrasound Images

This paper is meant to be an introduction to and general reference for ultrasound imaging for new and moderately experienced users of the instrument. The paper consists of eight sections. The first explains how ultrasound works, including beam properties, scan types and machine features. The second section discusses image quality, including the interpretation of anatomical features and artefacts seen in the image. The third section discusses the validity of the data collection procedures, including the effects of stabilizing the transducer and head position, and discusses some methods for stabilization. Section four discusses validation of the ultrasound and stabilization systems. The fifth section presents a sample recording set-up, supplemental information, and normalization strategies for sessions and subjects. In section six are methods of extracting contours from ultrasound images, displaying them, and analysing them. The seventh section considers the tracking of pellets on the tongue surface and the differences between tracking tissue points and continuous surfaces. The last section presents methods, challenges and results of 3D, computerized reconstruction of tongue surfaces. An outline of the paper can be found in Appendix I.

A guide to analysing tongue motion from ultrasound images

The use of ultrasound imaging by physical therapists is growing in popularity. This commentary has 2 aims. The first is to introduce the concept of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI), provide a definition of the scope of this emerging tool in regard to the physical therapy profession, and describe how this relates to the larger field of medical ultrasound imaging. The second aim is to provide an overview of basic ultrasound imaging and instrumentation principles, including an understanding of the various modes and applications of the technology with respect to neuromusculoskeletal rehabilitation and in relation to other common imaging modalities.

https://www.jospt.org/doi/pdfplus/10.2519/jospt.2007.2350

Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging: Understanding the Technology and Its Applications

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/5388/14578/00664417.pdf

Ultrasound Imaging

Musculoskeletal ultrasound involves the use of high-frequency sound waves to image soft tissues and bony structures in the body for the purposes of diagnosing pathology or guiding real-time interventional procedures. Recently, an increasing number of physicians have integrated musculoskeletal ultrasound into their practices to facilitate patient care. Technological advancements, improved portability, and reduced costs continue to drive the proliferation of ultrasound in clinical medicine. This increased interest creates a need for education pertaining to all aspects of musculoskeletal ultrasound. The primary purpose of this article is to review diagnostic ultrasound technology and its potential clinical applications in the evaluation and treatment of patients with neurologic and musculoskeletal disorders. After reviewing this article, physicians should be able to (1) list the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound compared with other available imaging modalities, (2) describe how ultrasound machines produce images using sound waves, (3) discuss the steps necessary to acquire and optimize an ultrasound image, (4) understand the different ultrasound appearances of tendons, nerves, muscles, ligaments, blood vessels, and bones, and (5) identify multiple applications for diagnostic and interventional musculoskeletal ultrasound in musculoskeletal practice. Part 1 of this 2-part article reviews the fundamentals of clinical ultrasonographic imaging, including relevant physics, equipment, training, image optimization, and scanning principles for diagnostic and interventional purposes.

Diagnostic and interventional musculoskeletal ultrasound: part 1. Fundamentals.

Explains aspects of physics as applied to ultrasound and provides the background knowledge needed to perform quality scans. This text has new chapters on colour flow imaging, haemodynamics, vascular ultrasound and pulsed wave spectral analysis, with sample problems and review questions throughout.

Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation

An overview of signal-processing techniques used in the acquisition, display, manipulation, and analysis of echo scan data is presented. The principles of time-gain compensation, selective enhancement, log compression, fill-in interpolation, edge enhancement, image updating, write zoom, gray scale mapping, black/white inversion, freeze frame, frame averaging, read zoom, thresholding, contrast enhancement, filtering, and region-of-interest definition are reviewed. The concept of gray scale mapping, which dictates how the stored scan data are displayed, is explained with many illustrative examples.

Image and Signal Processing in Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound physics and instrumentation : practice examinations , Ultrasound physics and instrumentation : practice examinations , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران

Ultrasound physics and instrumentation : practice examinations

The linear phased array is a type of multielement transducer in which each crystal is controlled independently during transmission and reception. The techniques of beam steering, transmit focusing, and dynamic focusing are discussed with illustrative examples. Advantages and disadvantages of linear phased arrays are presented.

Beam Steering and Focusing With Linear Phiased Arrays

Real-time ultrasound imaging techniques have almost totally replaced static B-mode gray scale imaging. The increased use of real-time imaging is the result of advances in transducer technology, the miniaturization of electronics through the development of digital circuitry, advances in computer software, and improved ultrasonic focusing. The final result has been an increase in image quality and information content for real-time ultrasound. A review of basic real-time ultrasound instrumentation is presented. Sector scanners, linear arrays, and phased arrays are discussed in detail. Electronic focusing methods (transmit and receive focusing) are explained with many illustrative examples. The new imaging technique of endosonography or transonography is introduced.

D. L. Hykes

Papers

Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation

Image and Signal Processing in Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound physics and instrumentation : practice examinations

Beam Steering and Focusing With Linear Phiased Arrays

Real-Ti me Ultrasound Instru mentation: An Update