▪ Abstract Losses from postharvest fruit diseases range from 1 to 20 percent in the United States, depending on the commodity. The application of fungicides to fruits after harvest to reduce decay has been increasingly curtailed by the development of pathogen resistance to many key fungicides, the lack of replacement fungicides, negative public perception regarding the safety of pesticides and consequent restrictions on fungicide use. Biological control of postharvest diseases (BCPD) has emerged as an effective alternative. Because wound-invading necrotrophic pathogens are vulnerable to biocontrol, antagonists can be applied directly to the targeted area (fruit wounds), and a single application using existing delivery systems (drenches, line sprayers, on-line dips) can significantly reduce fruit decays. The pioneering biocontrol products BioSave and Aspire were registered by EPA in 1995 for control of postharvest rots of pome and citrus fruit, respectively, and are commercially available. The limitations ...

Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits.

A number of oxidative enzymes from bacteria, fungi and plants have been reported to play an important role in numerous waste treatment applications. Peroxidases and/or phenoloxidases can act on specific recalcitrant pollutants by precipitation or transforming to other products and permitting a better final treatment of the waste. Improvement in the useful life and thereby a reduction in treatment cost has been accomplished through enzyme immobilization. Horseradish peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase mineralize a variety of recalcitrant aromatic compounds. Immobilization of these enzymes on porous ceramic supports or resins did not adversely affect their stability and showed a good potential for degradation of environment persistent aromatics. Tyrosinase, which catalyzes the hydroxylation of phenols and dehydrogenation of o-diphenols, in an immobilized form exerted an excellent phenol removal. Laccase is capable of eliminating the phenols through polymerization process, however, the presence of mediator such as ABTS and HBT degraded phenol by oxidative process. Many applications with oxidative enzymes and plant materials in effluent as in soil remediation will be discussed.

Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review

Soil Nutrient Bioavailability—A Mechanistic Approach

https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28711/1/Dr.%20Rajbir%20Singh_Biological%20Control.pdf

Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables by microbial antagonists: A review

New developments in recirculating aquaculture systems in Europe: A perspective on environmental sustainability

Particle film technology is a new tool for tree fruit production systems. Trials were performed in Santiago, Chile, and Washington and West Virginia to evaluate the effect of particle film treatments on apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.) fruit temperature and the incidence of solar injury. Fruit surface temperature was reduced by the application of reflective particles and the amount of temperature reduction was proportional to the amount of particle residue on the fruit surface. Effective solar injury suppression was achieved with spray applications of 45 to 56 kg·ha -1 of a reflective, processed-kaolin particle film material in concentrations ranging from 3% to 12% in some of the locations. The timing of application to suppress solar injury was not clearly defined. The processed-kaolin particle film material was highly reflective to the ultraviolet wavelengths and this characteristic may be important in reducing solar injury to both fruit and leaves.

/pdf/a-reflective-processed-kaolin-particle-film-affects-fruit-4lypop6fdc.pdf

A Reflective, Processed-Kaolin Particle Film Affects Fruit Temperature, Radiation Reflection, and Solar Injury in Apple

Particle film technology is aimed at controlling both arthropod pests and diseases of plants with a hydrophobic particle barrier primarily composed of kaolin. Field studies were conducted from 1996 to 1998 to compare the efficacy of dust and liquid applications, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic particle films, against key pests of pear. In addition, the effects of particle film applications on pear yield and quality were investigated in 1998. Dust and liquid applications of hydrophobic and hydrophilic particle films obtained high levels of early-season pear psylla control and prevented pear rust mite damage. We also found that prior seasonal applications of particle films in 1997 can carry over into the 1998 season to suppress early season pear psylla oviposition. A major concern in the shift from hydrophobic to hydrophilic particle films was the loss of disease control. We found that a water-repellant particle film was not required to control the fungal disease fabraea leaf spot. Pear yields were nearly doubled by liquid formulations of hydrophobic and hydrophilic particle films. Particle film deposits were measured using a spectrophotometer method we developed. Particle deposition differed among formulations for both leaf age and leaf surface (top or bottom). Yet, the particle formulations performed about the same against insects and fungal diseases, and in how they influenced the horticultural traits. None of the particle film formulations were found to be phytotoxic to pear foliage or fruit during the study period. A shift from hydrophobic to hydrophilic particles makes it possible to more easily formulate and disperse the particles in water so that conventional spray equipment can be used. The multifunctionality and low toxicity of particle films could make them an attractive alternative to conventional pesticides.

https://bioone.org/journals/Environmental-Entomology/volume-29/issue-2/0046-225X(2000)029[0329:PTLFOP]2.0.CO;2/Progress-Toward-Liquid-Formulations-of-Particle-Films-for-Insect-and/10.1603/0046-225X(2000)029[0329:PTLFOP]2.0.CO;2.pdf

Progress Toward Liquid Formulations of Particle Films for Insect and Disease Control in Pear

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Malus sylvestris var. domestica, heat stress, carbon assimilation, canopy minus air temperature, fruit quality ABSTRACT. Particle film technology is a developing pest control system for tree fruit production systems. Trials were performed in Santiago, Chile, and York Springs, Pa., Wenatchee and Yakima, Wash., and Kearneysville, W. Va., to evaluate the effect of particle treatments on apple ( Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh) Manst.) leaf physiology, fruit yield, and fruit quality. Leaf carbon assimilation was increased and canopy temperatures were reduced by particle treatments in seven of the eight trials. Yield and/or fruit weight was increased by the particle treatments in seven of the eight trials. In Santiago and Kearneysville, a* values of the fruit surface were more positive in all trials although a* values were not increas ed in Wenatchee and Yakima. Results indicate that particle film technology is an effective tool in reducing heat stress in apple trees that may result in increased yield potential and quality.

/pdf/particle-film-application-influences-apple-leaf-physiology-2p5o4i5rgy.pdf

D. Michael Glenn

Papers

A Reflective, Processed-Kaolin Particle Film Affects Fruit Temperature, Radiation Reflection, and Solar Injury in Apple

Progress Toward Liquid Formulations of Particle Films for Insect and Disease Control in Pear

Particle Film Application Influences Apple Leaf Physiology, Fruit Yield, and Fruit Quality

Particle films: a new technology for agriculture.

Aquaculture sludge removal and stabilization within created wetlands