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Unit Operations Of Chemical Engineering

Introduction To The Chemical Analysis Of Foods

Chemical compounds of wood preservation from plants vary and are not known specific to the species. Chemical analysis of plants is responsible to ensure active compound in natural extracts wood treatment. There are many sources of natural extracts found in Indonesia that were explored for wood preservatives chemicals. They are bark of acacia and alstonia, leaves of orthosiphon and azardirachta and Dioscorea tubers The present study was aimed at investigating the variation of the chemical constituent of natural extracts material of wood preservative through GC-MS analysis. Five natural extract sources were acacia bark (Acacia spp.), pulai bark (Alstonia scholaris), kumis kucing leaves (Orthosiphon spp.), mimba leaves (Azardirachta indica), and gadung tubers (Dioscorea spp.). Two non-polar solvents, i.e., n-hexane and petroleum ether were used for five natural source extractions following ASTM soxhlet extraction. The research showed that triterpene and fatty acid derivatives were the major compounds present in five natural extracts. They were lupeol; 7,22-Ergostadienone; Lup-20(29)-en-3-one; Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3.beta.)-; urs-12-en-3-one; ethanol,2,2-diethoxy-; stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, acetate,(3.beta.)-; 5H-3,5a-Epoxynaphth[2,1-c]oxepin, dodecahydro-3,8,8,11a-tetramethyl-; linoleic acid; naphthalene, 1-methyl-. These compounds have been assigned as the possibly responsible to against termites or fungi.

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Chemical variation of five natural extracts by non-polar solvent

• Use of solvent extraction in food processing is discussed. • Petroleum based solvents are easily available but possess health hazard. • Green solvents have bio-based origin and are environmentally safe. • Green solvents have been reported to possess similar or higher extraction efficacy. • Toxicity and environmental implications of green solvents is discussed. Solvent extraction is used at the industrial scale for extraction of oil, flavouring and functional compounds from the source materials. Easy availability at lower price makes petroleum based solvents (e.g., hexane, petroleum ether, etc.) the preferred choice for solvent extraction. However, some amount of the solvent always escapes to the environment during the extraction process and the yield product also contains some amount of residual solvent. This causes hazard not only to the environment and people at large, but also affects the manpower involved in the solvent extraction industry in particular. This has led to the search of alternative solvents which have lower toxicity and are environmentally safe. Green solvents appear to be a potential candidate for this. Solvent extraction studies performed using green solvents have revealed their equal or higher extraction efficacy to that of petroleum based products. This review paper aims to provide comprehensive information about the studies pertaining to the application of green solvents as a safer and their potential for replacement of petroleum based solvents for extraction of fat soluble compounds. In addition, health and environmental aspects of greens solvents along with their associated advantages-disadvantages has also been discussed in this paper. 

Green solvents, potential alternatives for petroleum based products in food processing industries

Moringa oleifera is an oilseed crop with poten­tial for biodiesel production. The second step in this process is the extraction of oil. Extraction in hot water, with a Soxhlet apparatus and the ultrasound technique are the most commonly used methods. The aim of the present work was to obtain a phenomenological model for the Moringa oleifera oil extraction process using Soxhlet. Effective diffusivity for Moringa oil through the kernels is obtained, using the kinetics of the extraction process (experimentally determined) and the Fick’s diffusion second law for non-steady state. The value of 0.685·10-12 m2/s fully matched reports on effective diffusion coefficient for other solids. It was also verified from the statistical analysis and a linear fit for experimental data that the model can be used to describe the oil extraction process of Moringa oleifera in the Soxhlet extractor, responding to the diffusive phenomenon (process controlled by internal resistance).

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Phenomenological model for the prediction of Moringa oleifera extracted oil using a laboratory Soxhlet apparatus

Moringa oleifera is a versatile plant and has wide applicability. Two critical factors
that make the oil more readily available for use are its ease of processing techniques
and production rate. Solvent extraction using various solvents is common and is
usually more efficient than mechanical presses. Hence investigating the suitability
of three solvents-hexane, Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) and Petroleum Ether (PE) in the
extraction of moringa seeds from northern (sample 1) and southern (sample 2) parts
of Nigeria was carried out using a soxhlet extractor between 2 and 12 h. The
percentage yield of oil from the two samples was found to be dependent on the
solvent used, the residence time and the source of the seed sample. Petroleum ether
gave the highest yield of 49.38 and 37.57%, next was hexane with 44.94 and
34.71% while isopropyl alcohol gave 36.39 and 28.43%, for samples 1 and 2,
respectively. For all solvents, sample 1 produced higher oil yield. The percentage
oil yield increased with time reaching an optimum at between 8-10 h. From
chromatographic analysis, besides other trace components, the predominant fatty
acids present in the Moringa oleifera oil include oleic, stearic, palmitic, linoleic and
palmitoleic acids. The overall composition of the oil indicated higher levels of
unsaturated than saturated acids with oleic acid having the highest percentage
composition of 68.8% in all the extracted oil samples. The results obtained from
this investigation showed that the alternative solvents (IPA and PE) considered can
potentially substitute n-hexane in Moringa oilseed extraction.

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Alternative Solvents for Moringa oleifera Seeds Extraction

 Abstract — Natural polymers obtained from renewable sources have recently been increasingly considered as suitable carriers, in the form of nanocapsules, for various active components. They enable the formation of a system for the delivery of active substances so that it is possible to encapsulate, protect, and release bioactive substances in drugs and food. Encapsulation of active components also enables the protection of sensitive and easily volatile components. Particular attention is paid to their application in the food industry for the production of functional foods, which, in addition to being nutritional, also have a certain therapeutic effect. In the pharmaceutical industry, more and more research is being devoted to them in the area of long-release drugs. Nanocapsules outperform most other colloidal carriers because of their small size, greater encapsulation potential, greater encapsulation power, and targeted action. Most of the existing carriers based on natural proteins used in the food and pharmaceutical industries are hydrophilic, so the encapsulation of hydrophobic active substances is a special challenge. This paper presents an overview of natural polymers used as suitable carriers and the possibilities of their use in the synthesis of nanocapsules for various uses.

D. Raji

Papers

Alternative Solvents for Moringa oleifera Seeds Extraction

Natural Polymers As Nanocapsule Carriers