Les etudes realisees dans ce travail de these consacre au trouble obsessionnel-compulsif (TOC) s'articulent autour de deux axes. Premierement, nous avons observe que les personnes avec symptomes de verification presentaient des souvenirs d'actions moins detailles (notamment concernant les informations motrices/kinesthesiques) et plus impersonnels (recuperes avec une perspective d'observateur exterieur). Ces personnes manifestent egalement des difficultes a distinguer un evenement reel d'un evenement imagine (difficulte de "reality monitoring"), ce qui pourrait les amener a douter si elles ont realise une action (par exemple eteindre le gaz) ou si elles l'ont seulement imaginee. Deuxiemement, nous avons montre chez des patients verificateurs et laveurs un deficit d'inhibition d'une reponse automatique, deficit qui pourrait etre relie a certaines formes d'impulsivite. La mise en evidence de paricularites mnesiques, de difficultes d'inhibition et de formes d'impulsivite dans le TOC devrait permettre une meilleures comprehension de ce trouble et contribuer ainsi a l'elaboration de strategies d'intervention specifiques.

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Une approche cognitive du trouble obsessionnel-compulsif : déficits mnésiques, déficits d'inhibition et impulsivité

A large number of authors have studied the links between impulsivity and emotion, including the links between the dimensions of impulsivity defined by the UPPS model and the capacity of emotional regulation. Although there is some evidence to suggest that these links differ with age and sex, these relationships remain poorly identified. The objective of this study was thus to study the effects of age and sex on these links. Two hundred and forty adults (aged 18 to 82 years, 69 men, 171 women) completed the French versions of the UPPS Impulsive Behaviour Scale and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. The impulsivity dimensions were negatively correlated with the use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and positively correlated with the use of non-adaptive strategies. The urgency dimension correlated most with the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies. These correlations disappeared with increasing age, while there were distinct interaction profiles according to the sex of the participants. The influence of the impulsivity on the ability to regulate cognitive emotions varied according to the age and sex of the participants. We discuss the potential cognitive factors explaining these relationships, in particular, the involvement of different operating modes explaining the differences in profiles.

Study of the links between impulsivity and cognitive emotion regulation strategies according to sex and age in non-clinical adulthood

Synopsis Research problem We investigate whether accountants’ cognitive reflection ability affects how they assess the probabilistic numerical thresholds of the probabilistic expressions probable, remote, virtually certain, and reasonable certainty in the context of international financial reporting standards. Theoretical reasoning In the psychology literature, impulsivity is associated with aggressive behavior, and reflective individuals are more prone than impulsive individuals to access slow and effortful (Type 2) reasoning in order to overcome the initial response provided by fast and impulsive (Type 1) reasoning. Considering that accounting conservatism requires a higher degree of verification to recognize events that increase rather than decrease net assets, we argue that impulsivity is associated with aggressive accounting and reflectivity is associated with a conservative interpretation of probabilistic expressions. Test hypothesis Reflective accountants are more conservative than their impulsive peers when making numerical assessments of probabilistic expressions associated with accruing or disclosing an event. Target population Accounting professionals, including preparers, auditors, and tax analysts. Adopted methodology We collected data from 569 accounting professionals using a survey questionnaire, in partnership with the Brazilian Accountants Association (Conselho Federal de Contabilidade, or CFC), a federal agency with the mandate of guiding, regulating, and supervising the accounting profession in Brazil, to assess professionals’ cognitive reflection ability, collect their demographic characteristics, and evaluate their assignment of numerical values to probabilistic expressions. Analyses We employed [Formula: see text]-tests, median tests, and standard deviation tests; we also conducted several robustness tests that replicated our main results. Findings Our results confirm that reflective accountants are more conservative in their probability assessments than their impulsive peers. Our findings have three main implications. First, standard-setters could avoid the use of or develop guidance about terms with low communication efficiency. Second, analysts and standard-setters should consider that the comparability of accounting information across firms depends on the preparers’ cognitive reflection ability. Third, we present an additional explanation (accountants’ cognitive reflection ability) for accounting conservatism and differences in the interpretation of uncertainty expressions.

Probable at First Glance, but Unlikely After Closer Look: The Role of Cognitive Reflection Ability on the Assessment of Probabilistic Expressions

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine the links between primary psychopathic traits and driving behavior on the one hand, and driving anger expression on the other hand, through the specific contribution of empathy, impulsiveness, and sensation seeking, in a sample of French driving offenders.


METHODS
One thousand six hundred and eighty-six driving offenders completed a paper-and-pencil questionnaire during 110 drivers' rehabilitation programs.


RESULTS
Primary psychopathic traits were positively associated with violations and aggressive driving anger expression, and negatively associated with prosocial driving behaviors. These associations were partially mediated by empathy, impulsiveness, and sensation seeking. In addition, the negative relation between primary psychopathic traits and adaptive anger expression was fully mediated by these three personal dispositions.


CONCLUSION
Low empathy, high impulsiveness and sensation seeking are important characteristics of driving offenders with high psychopathic traits. Our results provide a better understanding of French driving offenders' risky behaviors and the role of primary psychopathic traits.

Empathy, impulsiveness, and sensation seeking as mediators between primary psychopathic traits and driving behaviors in French driving offenders.

Étude des liens entre conduite automobile agressive et transgressive et impulsivité : compréhension empirique et clinique à l’aide du modèle UPPS de l’impulsivité

D. Rochaix

Papers

Étude des liens entre conduite automobile agressive et transgressive et impulsivité : compréhension empirique et clinique à l’aide du modèle UPPS de l’impulsivité