The efficient development and production of high quality emulsion-based products depends on knowledge of their physicochemical properties and stability. A wide variety of different analytical techniques and methodologies have been developed to characterize the properties of food emulsions. The purpose of this review article is to provide a critical overview of the most important properties of emulsions that are of interest to the food industry, the type of analytical techniques that are available to measure these properties, and the experimental protocols that have been developed to characterize the stability of food emulsions. Recommendations are made about the most suitable analytical techniques and experimental protocols needed to characterize the stability and properties of food emulsions.

Critical Review of Techniques and Methodologies for Characterization of Emulsion Stability

1. Introduction to colloid science and rheology 2. Hydrodynamic effects 3. Brownian hard spheres 4. Stable colloidal suspensions 5. Non-spherical particles 6. Weakly flocculated suspensions 7. Thixotropy 8. Shear thickening 9. Rheometry of suspensions 10. Suspensions in viscoelastic media 11. Advanced topics.

Colloidal Suspension Rheology

Porosity plays a clearly important role in geology. It controls fluid storage in aquifers, oil and gas fields and geothermal systems, and the extent and connectivity of the pore structure control fluid flow and transport through geological formations, as well as the relationship between the properties of individual minerals and the bulk properties of the rock. In order to quantify the relationships between porosity, storage, transport and rock properties, however, the pore structure must be measured and quantitatively described. The overall importance of porosity, at least with respect to the use of rocks as building stone was recognized by TS Hunt in his “Chemical and Geological Essays” (1875, reviewed by JD Dana 1875) who noted:

> “Other things being equal, it may properly be said that the value of a stone for building purposes is inversely as its porosity or absorbing power.”

In a Geological Survey report prepared for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Manger (1963) summarized porosity and bulk density measurements for sedimentary rocks. He tabulated more than 900 items of porosity and bulk density data for sedimentary rocks with up to 2,109 porosity determinations per item. Amongst these he summarized several early studies, including those of Schwarz (1870–1871), Cook (1878), Wheeler (1896), Buckley (1898), Gary (1898), Moore (1904), Fuller (1906), Sorby (1908), Hirschwald (1912), Grubenmann et al. (1915), and Kessler (1919), many of which were concerned with rocks and clays of commercial utility. There have, of course, been many more such determinations since that time.

There are a large number of methods for quantifying porosity, and an increasingly complex idea of what it means to do so. Manger (1963) listed the techniques by which the porosity determinations he summarized were made. He separated these into seven methods for …

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Characterization and Analysis of Porosity and Pore Structures

A review of floc strength and breakage.

Electrocoagulation process in water treatment: A review of electrocoagulation modeling approaches

On techniques for the measurement of the mass fractal dimension of aggregates.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a weekly monitoring interaction using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in a population of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients. Methods: This study was conducted in the outpatient clinical setting and examined levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and time in range (TIR) glucose levels for 16 patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes as indicated by an HbA1c level of greater than 10%. The intervention included use of a continuous glucose monitor and weekly interactions either virtually or by telephone by one of the team members. Results: After a 3-month period, HbA1c levels reduced from 11.79% to 7.88% (P &lt; 0.01) with 100% of the subjects achieving HbA1c of less than 10%. There were no significant changes in the amount of additional diabetes medication or insulin dose. Conclusions: The combination of CGM and frequent interaction in a brief (3 months) time frame may be a significant tool to improve glucose control in this high-risk population. J Endocrinol Metab. 2023;13(2):70-74 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem844 

D Woodfield

Papers

On techniques for the measurement of the mass fractal dimension of aggregates.

Intensive Management of Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Using a Multidisciplinary Approach and Continuous Glucose Monitoring

A Rare Case of Abiotrophia Endocarditis-Associated Glomerulonephritis Mimicking ANCA Vasculitis