비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

VERY few veterinary surgeons have thought fit to write a book on diseases of poultry. Mr. Ernest Gray has done justice to the subject and is to be congratulated on his effort. A book of this size, written by one with specialized knowledge, will add to the value of any library or private bookshelf. Diseases of Poultry Their Aetiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Control; with a Section on the Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Fowl. By Ernest Gray. (Lockwood's Agricultural and Horticultural Handbooks.) Pp. x + 198 + 16 plates. (London: Crosby Lockwood and Son, Ltd., 1940.) 9s. 6d. net.

Diseases of Poultry

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A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA

The current taxonomic classification of Chlamydia is based on limited phenotypic, morphologic and genetic criteria This classification does not take into account recent analysis of the ribosomal operon or recently identified obligately intracellular organisms that have a chlamydia-like developmental cycle of replication Neither does it provide a systematic rationale for identifying new strains In this study, phylogenetic analyses of the 16S and 23S rRNA genes are presented with corroborating genetic and phenotypic information to show that the order Chlamydiales contains at least four distinct groups at the family level and that within the Chlamydiaceae are two distinct lineages which branch into nine separate clusters In this report a reclassification of the order Chlamydiales and its current taxa is proposed This proposal retains currently known strains with > 90% 16S rRNA identity in the family Chlamydiaceae and separates other chlamydia-like organisms that have 80--90% 16S rRNA relatedness to the Chlamydiaceae into new families Chlamydiae that were previously described as ‘Candidatus Parachlamydia acanthamoebae’ Amann, Springer, Schonhuber, Ludwig, Schmid, Muller and Michel 1997, become members of Parachlamydiaceae fam nov, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae gen nov, sp nov ‘Simkania’ strain Z becomes the founding member of Simkaniaceae fam nov, Simkania negevensis gen nov, sp nov The fourth group, which includes strain WSU 86--1044, was left unnamed The Chlamydiaceae, which currently has only the genus Chlamydia, is divided into two genera, Chlamydia and Chlamydophila gen nov Two new species, Chlamydia muridarum sp nov and Chlamydia suis sp nov, join Chlamydia trachomatis in the emended genus Chlamydia Chlamydophila gen nov assimilates the current species, Chlamydia pecorum, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci, to form Chlamydophila pecorum comb nov, Chlamydophila pneumoniae comb nov and Chlamydophila psittaci comb nov Three new Chlamydophila species are derived from Chlamydia psittaci: Chlamydophila abortus gen nov, sp nov, Chlamydophila caviae gen nov, sp nov and Chlamydophila felis gen nov, sp nov Emended descriptions for the order Chlamydiales and for the family Chlamydiaceae are provided These families, genera and species are readily distinguished by analysis of signature sequences in the 165 and 235 ribosomal genes

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Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms.

Recent reports have suggested the involvement of gut microbiota in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). We utilized pyrosequencing based analysis of 16S rRNA genes to determine the overall structure of microbiota in patients with colorectal cancer and healthy controls; we investigated microbiota of the intestinal lumen, the cancerous tissue and matched noncancerous normal tissue. Moreover, we investigated the mucosa-adherent microbial composition using rectal swab samples because the structure of the tissue-adherent bacterial community is potentially altered following bowel cleansing. Our findings indicated that the microbial structure of the intestinal lumen and cancerous tissue differed significantly. Phylotypes that enhance energy harvest from diets or perform metabolic exchange with the host were more abundant in the lumen. There were more abundant Firmicutes and less abundant Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria in lumen. The overall microbial structures of cancerous tissue and noncancerous tissue were similar; howerer the tumor microbiota exhibited lower diversity. The structures of the intestinal lumen microbiota and mucosa-adherent microbiota were different in CRC patients compared to matched microbiota in healthy individuals. Lactobacillales was enriched in cancerous tissue, whereas Faecalibacterium was reduced. In the mucosa-adherent microbiota, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, and Blautia were reduced in CRC patients, whereas Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Peptostreptococcus, and Mogibacterium were enriched. In the lumen, predominant phylotypes related to metabolic disorders or metabolic exchange with the host, Erysipelotrichaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Coriobacteriaceae were increased in cancer patients. Coupled with previous reports, these results suggest that the intestinal microbiota is associated with CRC risk and that intestinal lumen microflora potentially influence CRC risk via cometabolism or metabolic exchange with the host. However, mucosa-associated microbiota potentially affects CRC risk primarily through direct interaction with the host.

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Human intestinal lumen and mucosa-associated microbiota in patients with colorectal cancer.

The search for alternative disease control in aquaculture practice is becoming more important to overcome the increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistance. Gnotobiotic animal models to study immune priming with prophylactic agents are an ideal platform to observe host-responses. Our study presents a 70 kDa recombinant bacterial heat shock protein, known as DnaK, to prime the innate immunity of gnotobiotic European sea bass larvae model that was developed at the Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center (Dierckens et al., 2009). Several studies have suggested that heat shock protein can mediate both innate and adaptive immune responses (Robert, 2003). Previously, DnaK significantly improved survival of Artemia franciscana against a Vibrio campbellii infection (Sung et al., 2009). In the present study, two treatment groups of sea bass larvae were fed once with a high dose (1mg) and a low dose (0.5mg) of DnaK encapsulated in alginate microparticles at day 7 after hatching. After 18h, larvae were challenged with a pathogenic Vibrio anguillarum strain HI-610 at a density of 105 cfu ml-1. The efficacy of DnaK to protect sea bass larvae against infection was monitored by counting the survival of the larvae after 18, 24 and 36h. A qPCR was conducted to observe the expression of nine innate immune-related genes. Our results showed that the survival of challenged larvae from both treatment groups (high and low dose) were not significantly different (p<0.05) compared to the alginate control group. However, gene expression analysis showed a significant up-regulation of the innate immune-related genes in the larvae fed with a high dose (1mg) of DnaK-alginate microparticles compared to the control group after 18 and 24h of the V. anguillarum challenge. The significant up-regulation includes: pro-inflammatory genes (interleukin-1s, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α), the anti-inflammatory gene (interleukin-10) chemotactic cytokines receptor genes (CXCR4, CCR1 and CCR9) and the macrophage migration inhibition factor gene, MIF. Furthermore, the inflammatory cytokine-converting enzyme Caspase-1 was significantly increased for both dosages. Most of these genes were not significantly different 36h after challenge. Although no protection against V. anguillarum infection was observed in the survival, the recombinant DnaK protein did show a strong modulation on the innate immune responses on the gene expression level of the gnotobiotic European sea bass larvae. In conclusion, the use of DnaK as immunostimulants through non-diet feeding suggests to have a beneficial effect on disease resistance. Future studies focusing on the dose-response relationship are needed.

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Daisy Vanrompay

Papers

The road to an immune-priming strategy: a case of gnotobiotic European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae