Lithium-ion batteries are fuelling the advancing renewable-energy based world. At the core of transformational developments in battery design, modelling and management is data. In this work, the datasets associated with lithium batteries in the public domain are summarised. We review the data by mode of experimental testing, giving particular attention to test variables and data provided. Alongside highlighted tools and platforms, over 30 datasets are reviewed.

Lithium-ion battery data and where to find it

The most well-known method for producing conductive elements for flexible electronics is to print the paths of electronic circuits directly onto polymer materials. The authors of the paper propose an alternative solution for creation of conductive elements such as using PVD vacuum deposition technology and laser shaping. The resistors and conductors obtained in this way have good electrical and mechanical properties. In the paper the results of the possibility of achieving thin-film structures of a small width by using laser ablation of the vaporized metal layer are also presented.

Elements of elastic electronics created on textile substrate

Effective implementation is the key determinant of success for customer-driven programmes. Most companies find this the most difficult part of the process. For example, even the best customer feedback systems will be worthless if the organization cannot drive customer improvements.

The implementation issues

Two variants of electricity transmission from the Transfer-Switching Station (TSS) to the battery charging station were analysed in the paper. The first variant under analysis referred to the transmission of electricity via a three phase a.c. line with rated voltage of 15 kV. In the second variant of electricity transmission, the d.c. line with the working voltage of 1500 V was used. For both variants, lines and other equipment such as transformers, rectifier system and voltage stabilisation system in the battery charging station were modelled. For both solutions, analysis of energy per annum was conducted depending on the distance of the charging station from the TSS. On top of this, the simultaneous operation of several chargers was taken into account, which would correspond to the case of charging many buses at the same time from a single power line. The paper demonstrates that in the case of the analysed electricity transmission systems in the electric bus battery charging systems it is possible to use a more advantageous solution, which is characterised by reduced power and energy losses.

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Analysis of power and energy losses in power systems of electric bus battery charging stations

The paper presents the methodology of minimisation of the unit cost of production of energy generated in the hybrid system compatible with the lead-acid battery, and used to power a load with the known daily load curve. For this purpose, the objective function in the form of the LCOE and the genetic algorithm method were used. Simulation tests for three types of load with set daily load characteristics were performed. By taking advantage of the legal regulations applicable in the territory of Poland, regarding the energy storing in the power system, the optimal structure of the prosumer solar-wind system including the lead-acid battery, which meets the condition of maximum rated power, was established. An assumption was made that the whole solar energy supplied to the load would be generated in the optimised system.

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Minimisation of the LCOE for the hybrid power supply system with the lead-acid battery

This paper presents aspects of modelling and simulation of energy storages based on the example of a lead-acid battery pack for powering an electric vehicle. The most frequently used energy storages, with particular emphasis on the difficulties in their proper selection for mobile equipment, was discussed. The mathematical model of the leadacid battery and the relations describing its respective parameters was also presented. A selected energy storage was subjected to detailed analysis with regards to the electrical and thermal parameters while powering an electric vehicle during an standard driving cycle in an urban area. The simulation was performed in the Matlab Simulink environment.

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Modelling and simulation of lead-acid battery pack powering electric vehicle

In this article, the authors propose an original method for the modeling of the state of health of cyclically operating lithium-Ion batteries (LIBs), based on Gaussian process regression. This method allows for the estimation of the degradation of the LIBs during an equivalent duty cycle at various load patterns. The results of many years of research on the degradation of LIBs have been analyzed in two aspects. The first one concerned degradation under constant loads, and the second was related to degradation taking into account randomly variable loads. The conducted analyses demonstrated that the degradation process in the case of LIBs was characterised by high variability depending on the cyclic operation parameters (the charging and discharging half-cycle). Furthermore the degradation of LIBs depends, to a significant extent on the current state of health. For this reason, this parameter was taken into account in the new model, which is an improvement on the currently existing methods. The developed model has been verified by simulating the variable load of the cells during its entire lifespan — the obtained percentage prediction error margin during the whole simulation did not exceed 5%, which confirmed its practical usefulness.

A novel method for the modeling of the state of health of lithium-ion cells using machine learning for practical applications

This article describes the analyses of modeling the wear process of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt cells operating cyclically under constant load conditions. The main aging processes taking place in cells and the methodology of the modeling are discussed. The process of cell wear is examined, taking into account the influence of cyclic operating parameters (temperature, discharge current, and discharge depth). On the basis of the analyses carried out, a new function reflecting the influence of ambient temperature on the durability of the cell is proposed. A new fuzzy model of the wear process of the NMC 18650 type cell, depending on the parameters of the discharge half cycle, has been developed. The results of the model have been verified by experimental research.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/20/3899/pdf

Analysis and Modeling of the Wear-Out Process of a Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Cell during Cycling Operation under Constant Load Conditions

In the paper the current innovations in automotive branches, including the development of propulsion systems in vehicles are described. Examples of the use of hybrid propulsion systems for three groups of vehicles: land, sea and air are presented. The concepts of technical solutions are described and the potential benefits of modifying traditional combustion systems are detailed.

Electrical propulsion systems in vehicles – an overview of solutions

The intensive electrification of the automotive sector means that the energy system must be able to adapt to the current market situation. The increase in energy demand is a major factor associated with electric vehicles. The study analyzed the operation of a grid-connected facility operating a vehicle fleet providing transport services in the region Halle/Saale, Germany. Measurement data were used in the analysis, including global positioning system data of the vehicles and technical data, including average fuel consumption on a given route section, daily load demand of the industrial facility, and energy generation from photovoltaics. This paper shows the impact of using a battery electric vehicles (BEVs) fleet in the load distribution for the industrial facility considered. The NEDC energy consumption profile for the Nissan e-NV200 were used in this study. Furthermore, the paper presented simulation results allowing one to determine the usage potential, energy demand, and consumption of EVs using real data, reliably representing the processes related to EV daily use. The measurement data were captured using available specialized equipment: Dako-Key (GPS data), PV power generation (Siemens 7KM PAC4200), and load (Janitza UMG 604-Pro) in September, 2018. On this basis, it is possible to identify the effects and variations in load on the power grid during the replacement of combustion vehicle fleets used currently by EVs for the provision of transport services. Three models were presented, making it possible to calculate changes in energy demand for each scenario. In the first model, EVs were charged exclusively from the distribution network. In the second, the energy generation from a renewable source was considered and the possibility of compensating the energy demand of the vehicles from this source was demonstrated. In the third model, the daily load profile and the period of maximum load in the electricity grid were considered. The results are presented in graphical and tabular form. Finally, the potential of using an EV fleet to increase the functionality of a modern industry object was determined and discussed. Based on data for the adopted scenarios, electrification of transport can increase demand for energy by 40.9% for individual enterprises. The electrification of the automotive sector will increase the instantaneous energy demand of businesses, forcing the integration of renewable energy sources during designing new invests.

Damian Burzyński

Papers

Modelling and simulation of lead-acid battery pack powering electric vehicle

A novel method for the modeling of the state of health of lithium-ion cells using machine learning for practical applications

Analysis and Modeling of the Wear-Out Process of a Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Cell during Cycling Operation under Constant Load Conditions

Electrical propulsion systems in vehicles – an overview of solutions

Potential of Using Medium Electric Vehicle Fleet in a Commercial Enterprise Transport, in Germany on the Basis of Real-World GPS Data