Green approaches in synthesising nanomaterials for environmental nanobioremediation: Technological advancements, applications, benefits and challenges.

Green synthesis approaches of nanomaterials (NMs) have received considerable attention in recent years as it addresses the sustainability issues posed by conventional synthesis methods. However, recent works of literature do not present the complete picture of biogenic NMs. This paper addresses the previous gaps by providing insights into the stability and toxicity of NMs, critically reviewing the various biological agents and solvents required for synthesis, sheds light on the factors that affect biosynthesis, and outlines the applications of NMs across various sectors. Despite the advantages of green synthesis, current methods face challenges with safe and appropriate solvent selection, process parameters that affect the synthesis process, nanomaterial cytotoxicity, bulk production and NM morphology control, tedious maintenance, and knowledge deficiencies. Consequently, the green synthesis of NMs is largely trapped in the laboratory phase. Nevertheless, the environmental friendliness, biocompatibility, and sensitivities of the resulting NMs have wider applications in biomedical science, environmental remediation, and consumer industries. To the scale-up application of biogenic NMs, future research should be focused on understanding the mechanisms of the synthesis processes, identifying more biological and chemical agents that can be used in synthesis, and developing the practicality of green synthesis at the industrial scale, and optimizing the factors affecting the synthesis process. 

Green approaches in synthesising nanomaterials for environmental nanobioremediation: Technological advancements, applications, benefits and challenges

The sustainable growth of any society is in direct proportion with developing novel methods and technologies for the management of its environmental quality. The use of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) has emerged as an efficient tool for remediation of wastewater owing to its intrinsic qualities including size, surface effect, quantum effect, etc. These intrinsic properties of MNPs have diversified their application in managing the qualitative stress on water resources. The present review aims to assess the use of MNPs in removing organic and inorganic contaminants from wastewater. Insights into various synthesis methods and their effects on contaminant removal are also presented. It is reported that MNPs provide target specificity and cost-effectiveness as compared to conventional treatment methods. Moreover, the biological synthesis of MNPs is proven to be eco-friendly and aids in sustainable development. Nearly 100% removal of various types of contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, dyes, pesticides, heavy metals, etc. can be achieved through MNPs. Some MNPs have shown a magnetic saturation reaching up to 70 emu/g, and recycling up to 5 cycles with >95% removal efficiency. High pollutant removal efficiency (>98%) can also be achieved in a short time (within 5 min) by MNPs. It is noteworthy that, nanosorption along with the redox reactions are the most frequently used and efficient mechanisms of contaminant removal from wastewater samples.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles, and their applications in wastewater treatment: A review

Comparative study on the potentialities of two halophytic species in the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their anticancer, antioxidant and catalytic efficiencies

Applications of plant-based nanoparticles in nanomedicine: A review

Sudan has a tremendous wealth flora due to its unique geographical location and diverse climate. Vast records of plants and plants’ secondary metabolites are reported to possess redox capacity and can be exploited for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is preferred due to their availability and their various metabolites. The present review explores the potentiality and diversity of biological activities of silver nanoparticles that originated from the combination of silver and phyto-constituents of mostly traditionally used Sudanese medicinal and aromatic plants. The green synthesis methods of silver nanoparticles mediated by more than 45 traditionally used medicinal plants are critically reviewed. In addition, parameters that affect the synthesis of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles, their characterization techniques and various biological activities are summarized and discussed. Thus, the study of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its applications can be extended to involve vast plant diversity of Sudan.

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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by traditionally used medicinal plants in Sudan

Cobalt-nanoferrite as a magnetic separable material has drawn the attention of researchers due to its unique properties, significant applications and high potentiality in wastewater treatment. In this study, the cobalt nanoferrite was synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method at different annealing temperatures and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy. Then the synthesized nanoferrite was assessed and used for the treatment of tannery wastewater. The characterizations confirmed the formation of nanoferrites with size between 15 and 23 nm. The average particle size increased with increase of annealing temperatures. Typical values for tannery wastewater treatment efficiency for chromium, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were 23.75, 90.83, 52.72 and 48.07% respectively. Thus, the treatment by nanoferrites appears a promising and effective method for the removal of contaminants.

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Characteristics of co-precipitation synthesized cobalt nanoferrites and their potential in industrial wastewater treatment

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that affected 451 million people worldwide on 2017. According to W.HO. The global health care expenditure on diabetic people was estimated to be 850 billion $ on 2017. Many medicinal plants have proven to be a good alternative to chemical medications. In this work 24 medicinal plants from different families used traditionally in Sudanese folk medicine for treatment of diabetes are reviewed based on scientific evidence. Their taxonomy, part used, life form, sources of collection, distribution, phytochemical screening and pharmacological activities have been identified. It is reported that the most abundant plant families were found to be Caesalpiniaceae, followed by Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae and then Anacardiaceae. 45 % were found to be herbs and 63 % of them were wild not cultivated. Phytochemical components of these plants were reviewed. Their anti-diabetic activities were reported in alloxinized and streptozotocin diabetic rats and in normoglycemic ones. LD50 of these plants was determined. Medicinal plants in this review article showed a confirmed anti-diabetic activity and have been assessed for their safety which proposes them as herbal medications for treatment of diabetes.

Damra Elhaj Mustafa

Papers

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by traditionally used medicinal plants in Sudan

Characteristics of co-precipitation synthesized cobalt nanoferrites and their potential in industrial wastewater treatment

Anti-diabetic Plants used in Sudanese Folk Medicine and their Phytochemical Constituents: A Review