A method and system for precise position determination of general Internet Protocol (IP) network-connected devices. A method enables use of remote intelligence located at strategic network points to distribute relevant assistance data to IP devices with embedded receivers. Assistance is tailored to provide physical timing, frequency and real time signal status data using general broadband communication protocols. Relevant assistance data enables several complementary forms of signal processing gain critical to acquire and measure weakened or distorted in-building Global Navigation Satellite Services (GNSS) signals and to ultimately extract corresponding pseudo-range time components. A method to assemble sets of GNSS measurements that are observed over long periods of time while using standard satellite navigation methods, and once compiled, convert using standard methods each pseudo-range into usable path distances used to calculate a precise geographic position to a known degree of accuracy.

Systems and methods for ip and voip device location determination

The invention relates to an air pollution sensor system (1) comprising an air inlet (11), an air outlet (12), a sensor unit (2), and an air displacement device (3). The air displacement device is arranged to establish an air flow (4) from the air inlet through the sensor unit to the air outlet. The sensor unit comprises, a filter (22) for removing airborne pollutants from the air flow. The sensor unit is arranged to generate an output signal (21) based on the amount of airborne pollutants removed from the air flow by the filter. The air displacement device is arranged to be controlled by the output signal, thereby improving the lifetime of the air pollution sensor system by minimizing the amount of pollutants that will be deposited inside the sensor unit when the air pollution sensor system is operated under predetermined conditions.

Air pollution sensor system

In the thermal type flowmeter for measuring the flow rate by a measuring element (1) with an exothermic resistor (12) and a temperature measuring resistor being shaped in the side of the surface of a substrate, a facing wall facing the surface of the measuring element (1) is arranged, cantilever plate parts (5) protruding from the facing wall toward the measuring element side are arranged, a gap is provided between the tip of the cantilever plate parts (5) and the measuring element (1), and the cantilever plate parts (5) are extended from the upper stream to the down stream of the measuring element (1).

Thermal-type flowmeter

A scheme for forming a Coulomb lattice of positively charged dust grains in a high-pressure (P>torr) gas is discussed theoretically. The grains are charged positively by photoemission in the presence of a flux of ultraviolet (UV) photons with energy larger than the work function of the grains, but lower than the ionization potential of the background gas. Methods for levitating and containing the dust using photophoretic forces (both UV and non-UV), gas drag, and electrostatic forces are considered.

UV-induced Coulomb crystallization of dust grains in high-pressure gas

. Biomass burning is an important source of aerosol and
trace gases to the atmosphere, but how these emissions change chemically
during their lifetimes is not fully understood. As part of the Fire
Influence on Regional and Global Environments Experiment (FIREX 2016), we
investigated the effect of photochemical aging on biomass burning organic
aerosol (BBOA) with a focus on fuels from the western United States.
Emissions were sampled into a small (150  L ) environmental chamber and
photochemically aged via the addition of ozone and irradiation by 254  nm 
light. While some fraction of species undergoes photolysis, the vast
majority of aging occurs via reaction with OH radicals, with total OH
exposures corresponding to the equivalent of up to 10  d of atmospheric
oxidation. For all fuels burned, large and rapid changes are seen in the
ensemble chemical composition of BBOA, as measured by an aerosol mass
spectrometer (AMS). Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation is seen for
all aging experiments and continues to grow with increasing OH exposure, but
the magnitude of the SOA formation is highly variable between experiments.
This variability can be explained well by a combination of differences in OH
exposure and the total concentration of non-methane organic gases (NMOGs) in
the chamber before oxidation, as measured by PTR-ToF-MS ( r2 values from
0.64 to 0.83). From this relationship, we calculate the fraction of carbon
from biomass burning NMOGs that is converted to SOA as a function of
equivalent atmospheric aging time, with carbon yields ranging from 24±4  % after 6  h to 56±9  % after 4  d .

/pdf/secondary-organic-aerosol-formation-from-the-laboratory-v3hb40zvb3.pdf

Secondary organic aerosol formation from the laboratory oxidation of biomass burning emissions

The present invention discloses a method and a sensor ( 1 ) for oil-in-water measurement, in particular for the oil industry. In an electric measuring cell ( 7, 12 ) a capacitance is measured as a measure of an oil concentration in the water flowing through or in the accumulation filter ( 16, 16 a, 16 b ). In order to reduce the maintenance requirement, the measuring cell ( 7, 12 ) is automatically calibrated at recurring time intervals with clean water (FIG. 1 ) and/or flushed with water, possibly oil-contaminated, in the back-flushing direction (FIG. 2 ). Advantages of the invention are, inter alia, reduced signal drift, improved long-term reliability and a long service life without monitoring or filter exchange. Important exemplary embodiments relate to: a measuring cell ( 7, 12 ) with a long measuring and short flushing/calibration cycle, a measuring cell ( 7, 12 ) with a plurality of accumulation filters ( 16 a, 16 b ) whose measuring cycles supplement one another in time, a cross-flow filter ( 2 ) for oil enrichment upstream of the measuring cell ( 7, 12 ) and a compact, pressure-resistant cylindrical ring-type filter ( 13 ) made from porous ceramic ( 16, 16 a, 16 b ) with measuring and flushing connections radially ( 17 a, 17 b, 18 a, 18 b ) and axially ( 17 c, 18 c ).

Method and device for oil-in-water measurement

The aim of the present invention is to optimize a capacitative level detector, which is particularly suitable for determining the location of a boundary layer (12) between water (10) and oil (11) in a separator tank. The known sensor principle consists of measuring the environment-dependent capacity between neighbouring electrodes (13, 4; 4, 5; 5, 6) of a rod-shaped probe (1). The invention is characterized in that the probe (1) is designed in such a way that in a more conductive medium (10) large ionic double-layer capacities occur at the electrodes (4, 5, 6, 13) and in a more isolating medium (11) small capacities are present between the electrodes (4, 5, 6, 13). To this end, the invention provides for a large electrode size (h), a relation of electrode size (h) to electrode distance (a) preferably in the range 1 < h / a < 6, and, in particular, a measuring frequency (f) between the dielectric limit frequencies of the media (10, 11). This enables a large capacity shift for a digital level indicator and/or a largely continuous capacity increase for an analogue level indicator to be obtained. In addition, the effect of conductive and/or isolating contaminant films (14) on the capacity signal is eliminated by suitable measuring frequencies and/or radial displacement of the electrodes (4, 5, 6, 13).

Capacitative level detector with optimized electrode geometry

A differential pressure system and a gas meter arrangement for precisely measuring a gas consumption by a gas meter is provided. A previously known gas meter is disposed in a bypass comprising a differential pressure system in the gas pipe for measuring a volumetric flow rate inside the gas pipe. The differential pressure system includes flow ducts having decreasing diameters as the radial position increases starting from a central axis of the differential pressure system. Examples of execution include inlet ports and/or outlet ports of the flow ducts which are provided with a specific countersink angle (α), and an equidistant, concentric arrangement of flow ducts on the cross-sectional area of the differential pressure system. This has the advantage of increasing the differential pressure at a low volume flow rate, reducing the differential pressure at a high volume flow rate, and generally creating an improved linearity across the entire measurement range between the volume flow rate in the bypass and the volume flow rate in the gas pipe, among other advantages.

Differential pressure means for a gas meter arrangement, comprising an improved flow geometry

The subject matter of the present invention is a method and a device for capacitive liquid level measurement which are particularly suitable for determining liquid level between adhesive media 10, 11 of different conductivity. The known sensor principle is based on the fact that the environmentally dependent capacitance is measured between neighboring electrodes 13, 4; 4, 5; 5, 6 of a rod-shaped probe 1. According to the invention, the probe 1 has electrodes 4, 5, 6, 13 with covers 7 of different thicknesses di. The effective thickness ds /es of an insulating pollutant film 14 can then be determined by capacitance measurements between at least two pairs of electrodes 4, 5, 6, 13. The influence of a conductive pollutant film 14 on the capacitance signal can be eliminated by selection of at least one suitable measuring frequency. Furthermore, by optimizing the electrode height h, a large capacitance jump is achieved for a digital liquid level display, and/or a largely continuous increase in capacitance is achieved for an analog liquid level display. The sensor is preferably used to determine the location of an interface 12 between water 10 and oil 11 in a separator tank.

Capacitive liquid level sensor with integrated pollutant film detection

The aim of the present invention is to optimize a capacitative level detector, which is particularly suitable for determining the location of a boundary layer (12) between water (10) and oil (11) in a separator tank. The known sensor principle consists of measuring the environment-dependent capacity between neighbouring electrodes (13, 4; 4, 5; 5, 6) of a rod-shaped probe (1). The invention is characterized in that the probe (1) is designed in such a way that in a more conductive medium (10) large ionic double-layer capacities occur at the electrodes (4, 5, 6, 13) and in a more isolating medium (11) small capacities are present between the electrodes (4, 5, 6, 13). To this end, the invention provides for a large electrode size (h), a relation of electrode size (h) to electrode distance (a) preferably in the range 1

Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Dielektrizitätskonstante und/oder der Leitfähigkeit mindestens eines Mediums sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens

Daniel Matter

Papers

Method and device for oil-in-water measurement

Capacitative level detector with optimized electrode geometry

Differential pressure means for a gas meter arrangement, comprising an improved flow geometry

Capacitive liquid level sensor with integrated pollutant film detection

Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Dielektrizitätskonstante und/oder der Leitfähigkeit mindestens eines Mediums sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens