https://cup.edu.cn/peakoil/docs/20140408160524637170.pdf

Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change—A review

The bulk terrestrial biomass resource in a future bio-economy will be lignocellulosic biomass, which is recalcitrant and challenging to process. Enzymatic conversion of polysaccharides in the lignocellulosic biomass will be a key technology in future biorefineries and this technology is currently the subject of intensive research. We describe recent developments in enzyme technology for conversion of cellulose, the most abundant, homogeneous and recalcitrant polysaccharide in lignocellulosic biomass. In particular, we focus on a recently discovered new type of enzymes currently classified as CBM33 and GH61 that catalyze oxidative cleavage of polysaccharides. These enzymes promote the efficiency of classical hydrolytic enzymes (cellulases) by acting on the surfaces of the insoluble substrate, where they introduce chain breaks in the polysaccharide chains, without the need of first “extracting” these chains from their crystalline matrix.

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Novel enzymes for the degradation of cellulose

The Global Energy Assessment (GEA) brings together over 300 international researchers to provide an independent, scientifically based, integrated and policy-relevant analysis of current and emerging energy issues and options. It has been peer-reviewed anonymously by an additional 200 international experts. The GEA assesses the major global challenges for sustainable development and their linkages to energy; the technologies and resources available for providing energy services; future energy systems that address the major challenges; and the policies and other measures that are needed to realize transformational change toward sustainable energy futures. The GEA goes beyond existing studies on energy issues by presenting a comprehensive and integrated analysis of energy chalenges, opportunities and strategies, for developing, industrialized and emerging economies. This volume is a invaluable resource for energy specialists and technologists in all sectors (academia, industry and government) as well as policymakers, development economists and practitioners in international organizations and national governments.

Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future

Sustainable technologies applied to energy-related applications should develop a pivotal role in the next decades. In particular, carbon dioxide capture from flue gases emitted by fossil-fueled power plants should play a pivotal role in controlling and reducing the greenhouse effect. Therefore, the development of new materials for carbon capture purposes has merged as central research line, for which many alternatives have been proposed. Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as one of the most promising choices for carbon capture, but in spite of their promising properties, some serious drawbacks have also appeared. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently been considered as alternatives to ILs that maintain most of their relevant properties, such as task-specific character, and at the same time avoid some of their problems, mainly from economic and environmental viewpoints. DES production from low-cost and natural sources, together with their almost null toxicity and total biodegradability, makes these sol...

Deep Eutectic Solvents: Physicochemical Properties and Gas Separation Applications

The continuous combustion of non-renewable fossil fuels and depletion of existing resources is intensifying the research and development of alternative future energy options that can directly abate and process ever-increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Since CO2 is a thermodynamically stable compound, its reduction must not consume additional energy or increase net CO2 emissions. Renewable sources like solar energy provide readily available and continuous light supply required for driving this conversion process. Therefore, the use of solar energy to drive CO2 photocatalytic reactions simultaneously addresses the aforementioned challenges, while producing sustainable fuels or chemicals suitable for use in existing energy infrastructure. Recent progress in this area has focused on the development and testing of promising TiO2 based photocatalysts in different reactor configurations due to their unique physicochemical properties for CO2 photoreduction. TiO2 nanostructured materials with different morphological and textural properties modified by using organic and inorganic compounds as photosensitizers (dye sensitization), coupling semiconductors of different energy levels or doping with metals or non-metals have been tested. This review presents contemporary views on state of the art in photocatalytic CO2 reduction over titanium oxide (TiO2) nanostructured materials, with emphasis on material design and reactor configurations. In this review, we discuss existing and recent TiO2 based supports, encompassing comparative analysis of existing systems, novel designs being employed to improve selectivity and photoconversion rates as well as emerging opportunities for future development, crucial to the field of CO2 photocatalytic reduction. The influence of different operating and morphological variables on the selectivity and efficiency of CO2 photoreduction is reviewed. Finally, perspectives on the progress of TiO2 induced photocatalysis for CO2 photoreduction will be presented.

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Review of material design and reactor engineering on TiO2 photocatalysis for CO2 reduction

IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation - Summary for Policy Makers / O. Edenhofer et al., eds. Cambridge University Press, May 2011. Abstract (RAEL/LBL) : The Working Group III Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) presents an assessment of the literature on the scientific, technological, environmental, economic and social aspects of the contribution of six renewable energy (RE) sources to the mitigation of...

IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation

Le Cyclophosphamide est un agent alkylant utilisé en pratique courante de pneumologie notamment dans le traitement des pneumopathies interstitielles diffuses des connectivites. Les effets indésirables fréquents sont des troubles gastro-intestinaux et une immunodépression. Cependant, il existe un effet indésirable exceptionnel mais grave et brutal : l’hyponatrémie sévère.Une patiente de 78 ans suivie pour une pneumopathie interstitielle non spécifique-pneumopathie organisée dans le cadre d’un syndrome des anti-synthétases est traitée par Cyclophosphamide à 15 mg/kg. Vingt-quatre heures après la fin de la perfusion, elle est retrouvée au domicile en coma avec crises comitiales. Le bilan biologique retrouve une hyponatrémie sévère à 109 mmol/l avec hypo-osmolarité sanguine. L’état de la patiente s’améliore rapidement après correction du trouble ionique.L’hyponatrémie induite par du Cyclophosphamide à faible dose est un effet indésirable rare mais grave qui doit faire l’objet d’une attention particulière.Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used in routine pulmonary practice, particularly in the management of connectivitis-related diffuse interstitial lung disease. Common side effects are gastrointestinal disorders and immunosuppression, and a sudden and exceptional adverse effect is severe hyponatremia.A 78-year-old female patient treated for NSIP-OP in the context of an anti-synthetase syndrome was treated with Cyclophosphamide 15 mg/kg. Twenty-four hours after the end of the infusion, she was diagnosed at home in a coma with comitial seizures. Biological assessment revealed severe hyponatremia at 109 mmol/l with blood hypo-osmolarity. The patient's condition rapidly improved following correction of the ionic disorder.Hyponatremia induced by low-dose Cyclophosphamide is a rare but serious adverse effect that requires special attention. 

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Danièle Revel

Papers

IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation

[French clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of lung disease with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency].