BACKGROUND Interviews are among the most familiar strategies for collecting qualitative data. The different qualitative interviewing strategies in common use emerged from diverse disciplinary perspectives resulting in a wide variation among interviewing approaches. Unlike the highly structured survey interviews and questionnaires used in epidemiology and most health services research, we examine less structured interview strategies in which the person interviewed is more a participant in meaning making than a conduit from which information is retrieved. PURPOSE In this article we briefly review the more common qualitative interview methods and then focus on the widely used individual face-to-face in-depth interview, which seeks to foster learning about individual experiences and perspectives on a given set of issues. We discuss methods for conducting in-depth interviews and consider relevant ethical issues with particular regard to the rights and protection of the participants.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x

The qualitative research interview

Counseling psychologists face many approaches from which to choose when they conduct a qualitative research study. This article focuses on the processes of selecting, contrasting, and implementing five different qualitative approaches. Based on an extended example related to test interpretation by counselors, clients, and communities, this article provides a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches— narrative research; case study research; grounded theory; phenomenology; and participatory action research—as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation. For each approach, the authors offer perspectives about historical origins, definition, variants, and the procedures of research.

Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation

This article presents an overview of philosophy of science and research paradigms. The philosophy of science parameters of ontology, epistemology, axiology, rhetorical structure, and methodology are discussed across the research paradigms of positivism, postpositivism, constructivism-interpretivism, and the critical-ideological perspective. Counseling researchers are urged to locate their inquiry approaches within identifiable research paradigms, and examples of locating 2 popular inquiry approaches-consensual qualitative research and grounded theory-are provided. Examples of how counseling research would proceed from varying paradigms are explored, and a call is made for expanding the training students receive in philosophy of science and qualitative approaches to inquiry.

Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science

This article addresses potential effects on reflexivity of researcher’s social position (e.g. gender, age, race, immigration status, sexual orientation), personal experiences, and political and professional beliefs. Because reflexivity is a major strategy for quality control in qualitative research, understanding how it may be impacted by the characteristics and experiences of the researcher is of paramount importance. Benefits and challenges to reflexivity under three types of researcher’s position are discussed and illustrated by means of case examples: (1) reflexivity when researcher shares the experience of study participants, (2) reflexivity when researcher moves from the position of an outsider to the position of an insider in the course of the study, and (3) reflexivity when researcher has no personal familiarity or experience with what is being studied. Strategies are offered for harvesting the benefits of researcher’s familiarity with the subject and for curbing its potentially negative effects. ...

Now I see it, now I don’t: researcher’s position and reflexivity in qualitative research:

Figures and Tables. Foreword (David Satcher). Acknowledgments. The Editors. The Contributors. PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO METHODS IN COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH FOR HEALTH. 1. Introduction to Methods in Community-Based Participatory Research for Health (Barbara A. Israel, Eugenia Eng, Amy J. Schulz, and Edith A. Parker). PART TWO: PARTNERSHIP FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE. 2. Developing and Maintaining Partnerships with Communities (Nina Wallerstein, Bonnie Duran, Meredith Minkler, and Kevin Foley). 3. Strategies and Techniques for Effective Group Process in CBPR Partnerships (Adam B. Becker, Barbara A. Israel, and Alex J. Allen III). PART THREE: COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS. 4. Insiders and Outsiders Assess Who Is "The Community": Participant Observation, Key Informant Interview, Focus Group Interview, and Community Forum (Eugenia Eng, Karen Strazza Moore, Scott D. Rhodes, Derek M. Griffith, Leo L. Allison, Kate Shirah, and Elvira M. Mebane). PART FOUR: DEFINITION OF THE ISSUE. 5. CBPR Approach to Survey Design and Implementation: The Healthy Environments Partnership Survey (Amy J. Schulz, Shannon N. Zenk, Srimathi Kannan, Barbara A. Israel, Mary A. Koch, and Carmen A. Stokes). 6. Using a CBPR Approach to Develop an Interviewer Training Manual with Members of the Apsaalooke Nation (Suzanne Christopher, Linda Burhansstipanov, and Alma Knows His Gun-McCormick). 7. The Application of Focus Group Methodologies to Community-Based Participatory Research (Edith C. Kieffer, Yamir Salabarria-Pena, Angela M. Odoms-Young, Sharla K. Willis, Kelly E. Baber, and J. Ricardo Guzman). 8. Application of CBPR in the Design of an Observational Tool: The Neighborhood Observational Checklist (Shannon N. Zenk, Amy J. Schulz, James S. House, Alison Benjamin, and Srimathi Kannan). 9. Mapping Social and Environmental Influences on Health: A Community Perspective (Guadalupe X. Ayala, Siobhan C. Maty, Altha J. Cravey, and Lucille H. Webb). 10. Community-Based Participatory Research and Ethnography: The Perfect Union (Chris McQuiston, Emilio A. Parrado, Julio Cesar Olmos-Muniz, and Alejandro M. Bustillo Martinez). 11. What's with the Wheezing? Methods Used by the Seattle-King County Healthy Homes Project to Assess Exposure to Indoor Asthma Triggers (James Krieger, Carol A. Allen, John W. Roberts, Lisa Carol Ross, and Tim K. Takaro). PART FIVE: DOCUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF PARTNERSHIPS. 12. Documentation and Evaluation of CBPR Partnerships: In-Depth Interviews and Closed-Ended Questionnaires (Barbara A. Israel, Paula M. Lantz, Robert J. McGranaghan, Diana L. Kerr, and J. Ricardo Guzman). PART SIX: FEEDBACK, INTERPRETATION, DISSEMINATION, AND APPLICATION OF RESULTS. 13. Developing and Implementing Guidelines for Dissemination: The Experience of the Community Action Against Asthma Project (Edith A. Parker, Thomas G. Robins, Barbara A. Israel, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, Katherine K. Edgren, and Donele J. Wilkins). 14. Creating Understanding and Action Through Group Dialogue (Elizabeth A. Baker and Freda L. Motton). 15. Photovoice as a Community-Based Participatory Research Method: A Case Study with African American Breast Cancer Survivors in Rural Eastern North Carolina (Ellen D. S. Lopez, Eugenia Eng, Naomi Robinson, and Caroline C. Wang). 16. Policy Analysis and Advocacy: An Approach to Community-Based Participatory Research (Nicholas Freudenberg, Marc A. Rogers, Cassandra Ritas, and Sister Mary Nerney). 17. Citizens, Science, and Data Judo: Leveraging Secondary Data Analysis to Build a Community-Academic Collaborative for Environmental Justice in Southern California 371 Rachel Morello-Frosch, Manuel Pastor Jr., James L. Sadd, Carlos Porras, and Michele Prichard APPENDIXES. A. Instructions for Conducting a Force Field Analysis (Adam B. Becker, Barbara A. Israel, and Alex J. Allen III). B. Community Member Key Informant Interview Guide (Eugenia Eng, Karen Strazza Moore, Scott D. Rhodes, Derek M. Griffith, Leo L. Allison, Kate Shirah, and Elvira M. Mebane). C. Selected New and Revised Items Included in the HEP Survey After Input from the Steering Committee or Survey Subcommittee (SC), Focus Group Themes (FG), or Pilot Testing (PT) of Existing Items (Amy J. Schulz, Shannon N. Zenk, Srimathi Kannan, Barbara A. Israel, Mary A. Koch, and Carmen A. Stokes). D. Selected HEP Measures by Survey Categories, with Sources and Scale Items (Amy J. Schulz, Shannon N. Zenk, Srimathi Kannan, Barbara A. Israel, Mary A. Koch, and Carmen A. Stokes). E. Healthy Environments Partnership: Neighborhood Observational Checklist (Shannon N. Zenk, Amy J. Schulz, James S. House, Alison Benjamin, and Srimathi Kannan). F. Field Notes Guide (Chris McQuiston, Emilio A. Parrado, Julio Cesar Olmos, and Alejandro M. Bustillo Martinez). G. Detroit Community-Academic Urban Research Center: In-Depth, Semistructured Interview Protocol for Board Evaluation, 1996-2002 (Barbara A. Israel, Paula M. Lantz, Robert J. McGranaghan, Diana L. Kerr, and J. Ricardo Guzman). H. Detroit Community-Academic Urban Research Center: Closed-Ended Survey Questionnaire for Board Evaluation, 1997-2002 (Barbara A. Israel, Paula M. Lantz, Robert J. McGranaghan, Diana L. Kerr, and J. Ricardo Guzman). I. Philosophy and Guiding Principles for Dissemination of Findings of the Michigan Center for the Environment and Children's Health (MCECH) Including Authorship of Publications and Presentations, Policies and Procedures, Access to Data, and Related Matters (Edith A. Parker, Thomas G. Robins, Barbara A. Israel, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, Katherine K. Edgren, and Donele J. Wilkins). J. Community Action Against Asthma: Fact Sheet on "Particulate Matter" (Edith A. Parker, Thomas G. Robins, Barbara A. Israel, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, Katherine K. Edgren, and Donele J. Wilkins). K. Community Action Against Asthma: Summary of Air Sampling Data in Your Community and Home, 2000-2001 (Edith A. Parker, Thomas G. Robins, Barbara A. Israel, Wilma Brakefield-Caldwell, Katherine K. Edgren, and Donele J. Wilkins). L. The Planning Grant: In-Depth Group Interview Protocol: Questions for Community and Coalition Members (Elizabeth A. Baker and Freda L. Motton). M. Inspirational Images Project: Fact Sheet and Informed Consent Form for Study Participants (Ellen D. S. Lopez, Eugenia Eng, Naomi Robinson, and Caroline C. Wang). N. Inspirational Images Project: Consent for Adults Who May Appear in Photographs (Ellen D. S. Lopez, Eugenia Eng, Naomi Robinson, and Caroline C. Wang). O. Community Reintegration Network: Policy Report-Coming Back to Harlem from Jail or Prison: One-Way or Round-Trip (Nicholas Freudenberg, Marc A. Rogers, Cassandra Ritas, and Sister Mary Nerney). P. Southern California Environmental Justice Collaborative (the Collaborative): Partnership Agreed upon Mechanism for Deciding on Research Activities (Communities for a Better Environment, Liberty Hill Foundation, and The Research Team). Name Index. Subject Index.

Methods For Community - Based Participatory Research For Health

This glossary aims to clarify some of the key concepts associated with participatory action research.

https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/60/10/854.full.pdf

Danielle Smith

Papers

Participatory action research