Summary
This paper deals with the modeling of electric vehicles using hybrid power source: fuel cell/supercapacitor. The fuel cell is connected to the direct current (DC) Bus via a boost converter and satisfies the load average power requirements. The supercapacitor is linked to the DC-Bus through a buck-boost converter and ensures the transient power requirements. A permanent-magnet synchronous motor is used as traction motor and connected to the DC-Bus through a 3-phase inverter. We propose an energy management technique, based on the urban driving cycle (ECE-15 driving cycle) and the extraurban driving cycle, with the use of conventional proportional-integral (PI) controllers. The main goals are as follows: first, to avoid fast operation of the fuel cell current so as to ensure optimal operation of the fuel cell system, and second, the supercapacitor allows a satisfactory dynamic of the DC-Bus so as to provide the required energy for the car transients so as to meet both urban and extraurban driving cycles. The performances of the proposed strategy are evaluated through some simulations dedicated to electric vehicle applications.

Management and control strategy of a hybrid energy source fuel cell/supercapacitor in electric vehicles

Applications based on renewable energy sources are getting worldwide attention Laboratory level research involving renewable energy sources, poses many difficulties like high cost, dependency on environmental conditions and its repeatability, space requirements etc These difficulties can be sorted out by using a hardware emulator that can accurately mimic the characteristics of a particular renewable energy sources An emulator is supposed to replicate the voltage and current (V–I) steady state and dynamic characteristics of any source such as solar Photovoltaics (PV), Fuel Cell (FC) etc Typically it is a low cost and a portable alternative for the use of actual renewable sources Unfortunately, many of them suffer from poor dynamic response as compared to their actual counterparts This paper proposes a new integrated emulator that provides emulation with fast load tracking capability for three energy sources viz solar PV, Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and battery This can offer a low cost solution for test-bed setup facilitating the continuous research efforts irrespective of the actual environmental conditions in the field of renewable energy and NCE The proposed emulator is designed and built around a Texas Instrument's TMS320F28027 controlled flyback converter and National Instrument's NIDAQ USB6008 interfaced with LabVIEW based GUI Key results of the proposed system along with control implementation and modeling are presented

A novel low cost portable integrated solar PV, fuel cell and battery emulator with fast tracking algorithm

Due to the fact that the environmental issues have become more serious recently, interest in renewable energy systems, such as, fuel-cells (FCs) has increased steadfastly. Among many types of FCs, proton exchange membrane FC (PEMFC) is one of the most promising power sources due to its advantages, such as, low operation temperature, high power density and low emission. However, using only PEMFC for electric vehicle may not be feasible to satisfy the peak demand changes especially during accelerations and braking. So, hybridizing PEMFC and an energy storage system (ESS) decreases the FC cost and improves its performance and life. Battery (B) appears to be the most powerful candidate to hybridize with PEMFC for vehicular applications. Therefore, the performance of PEMFC/B hybridization is limited considerably by the performance of the converter. Thus, a suitable dc-dc converter topology is required. Various isolated and nonisolated converter topologies for FC applications have been proposed in literature. The objective of this study is to design and simulate a fuel cell - interleaved boost dc-dc converter (FC-IBC) for hybrid power systems in electric vehicle application, in order to decrease the FC current ripple. Therefore Energetic efficiency can also be improved. A control strategy capable of determining the desired FC power and keeps the dc voltage around its nominal value by supplying propulsion power and recuperating braking energy is designed and tested with an urbane electric vehicle model.

/pdf/fc-battery-power-management-for-electric-vehicle-based-38sps2ok9i.pdf

FC/battery power management for electric vehicle based interleaved DC-DC boost converter topology

This article aims to develop a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer emulator. This emulator is realized through an equivalent electrical scheme. It allows taking into consideration the dynamic operation of PEM electrolyzers, which is generally neglected in the literature. PEM electrolyzer dynamics are reproduced by the use of supercapacitors, due to the high value of the equivalent double-layer capacitance value. Steady-state and dynamics operations are investigated in this work. The design criteria are addressed. The PEM electrolyzer emulator is validated by using a 400-W commercial PEM electrolyzer. This emulator is conceived to test new DC-DC converters to supply the PEM ELs and their control as well, avoiding the risk to damage a real electrolyzer for experiment purposes. The proposed approach is valid both for a single cell and for the whole stack emulation.

https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-03165051/document

Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Emulator for Power Electronics Testing Applications

This paper presents a cyber energy system design for electric vehicle applications. The aim is to show more autonomy with superior efficiency of electric vehicles. In this paper, we have used four main energy sources: battery, super capacitor, fuel cell and solar panel. Moreover, we use in this architecture a low voltage 12V battery to supply the accessories in the vehicle. This battery can be recharged by solar panel put on the vehicle roof. Thus, we proposed in this study for the first step, a design of cyber energy system for electric vehicle applications then, we present an approach to model energy sources in vehicles and finally provide the simulation results.

A cyber physical energy system design (CPESD) for electric vehicle applications

The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is being investigated as an alternate power source for various applications as transportation and emergency power supplies. Fuel cell systems are characterized by high costs and complex auxiliary devices. For this reason, a fuel cell emulator can be used as a suitable and economic alternative to a real one for developing and testing a fuel cell power conditioning system. The fuel cell emulator must be able to reproduce the FC nonlinear output voltage-current characteristic. This paper proposes then a possible solution to emulate a PEMFC system by using a DC-DC converter. The fuel cell system, including all its auxiliaries and related control systems, is emulated by a full-bridge converter experimentally achieved and controlled in the DSP2812 environment. The converter-based system allows the behavior of any fuel cell to be easily emulated and can be used in laboratory as a low-cost system for design and experimental purposes since only a DC-DC control modification is necessary.

/pdf/a-dc-dc-converter-based-pem-fuel-cell-system-emulator-1y91sbsjcd.pdf

Daoud Rezzak

Papers

A DC-DC converter-based PEM fuel cell system emulator