Preface Introduction: Traditions of Nationhood in France and Germany I. The Institution of Citizenship 1. Citizenship as Social Closure 2. The French Revolution and the Invention of National Citizenship 3. State, State-System, and Citizenship in Germany II. Defining The Citizenry: The Bounds of Belonging 4. Citizenship and Naturalization in France and Germany 5. Migrants into Citizens: The Crystallization of Jus Soli in Late-Nineteenth-Century France 6. The Citizenry as Community of Descent: The Nationalization of Citizenship in Wilhelmine Germany 7. \"Etre Francais, Cela se Merite\": Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in France in the 1980s 8. Continuities in the German Politics of Citizenship Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany.

Huntington’s Clash of Civilisations had no new ideas but become a primer on geopolitics. It provided, particularly after 9/11, the Western intellectual framework to justify their response to ‘Islamic’ terrorism. It was due to the status of its author as also the time of its publication to fill in the needs of American policy. Some applies to present offering by Zakaria. The book is already being read and reviewed extensively.

The Future of Freedom-Illiberal democracy at home and abroad:

Institutional and Policy Dynamics of EU Migration Law

Purpose: This paper investigates the mediating role of access to finance and entrepreneurial education for Small and Marginal Farmers (SMFs) in the Indian northern state of Punjab. Furthermore, it examines the inter-mediatory role of entrepreneurs and the access to finance in the promotion of innovation, development and consequently poverty alleviation.
Design / methodology / approach: To gain a deeper insight, we used a purposive sampling technique, involving in-depth, face-to-face interviews based on a semi-structured questionnaire amongst 185 farmers from the state of the Punjab in India. The combination of open ended and dichotomous questions amenable to the Likert scale, captured responses and the transcribed questionnaires were thematically analysed.
Findings: Using the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative responses, we explain the cause and consequences of the finance gap and the impact of poverty on household income and the debt levels of SMFs. The findings suggest the expanding pool of SMFs is due to land ownership fragmentation that disenfranchises SMFs from accessing adequate finance thus limiting their ability to adapt to technological innovations, and therefore limiting their productivity and growth. This essentially limits their ability to transform their economic and social wellbeing. The findings from the data analysis suggest a lack of access to finance negatively impacts on SMFs’ ability to use innovative practices, technologies and productivity. This adversely affects income level, access to education and social goods to propel them out of poverty. The findings advocate that government policy should focus on land reforms, which provide adequate access to finance to enable the adaption of technology and an access to markets to empower marginal farmers. 
Research implications / limitations: Land fragmentation resulting with population growth in emerging economies continuously expands SMFs. To improve efficiency, productivity and entrepreneurial traits amongst SMFs, it is a pre-requisite to have an agile economy. However, in emerging economies such as India, the responses of 185 farmers suggest, a bespoke policy to promote the interest of SMFs through enabling them access to finance, technologies, training and education, continues to prove elusive. This novel empirical research provides evidence that demands that policy makers, commercial institutions and donors need to respond to the needs of SMFs to ensure food security and an optimal utilization of farmland. The limitation of this research is that the sample is from one country, which limits its generalization. The findings of this study could be enhanced by conducting comparative studies in other regions or economies. 
Originality / value: This empirical study examined the barriers to enterprise for SMFs in the Indian Punjab; it examined the causes and consequences and the implications for food security for India. The findings of this study highlight the importance of developing the entrepreneurial capabilities of SMFs through effective education, training and above all through an adequate access to finance to enable them to adapt their technology. Furthermore, the findings make a case as to why SMFs are an integral part of the food chain and why it is necessary to enhance their efficiency, productivity and their access to finance.

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Entrepreneurship the mediating role of finance and entrepreneurial education for small farmers in developing countries: evidence from India

Aim of this study is to provide an analysis of immigration into Greece, underlying the main issues that are to be tackled by the Greek state with a view to drawing up an urgently needed comprehensive and efficient immigration framework. The first section presents the development of alien immigration in modern Greece and the main socio-economic features of the country’s u-turn from the period of sending to the one of receiving economic migrants. In the second section there are analyzed the three major phases of Greek immigration policy and law from 1991-2002: Greece in 1991, by its first draconian Immigration Law number 1975, showed the first signs of awakening from a long state of hibernation. The failure though of this first effort of controlling, in effect preventing, alien immigration led to the second phase of 1998-2001 when the first, also largely unsuccessful, programme of regularization of irregular immigrants was launched. The third major phase of Greek immigration policy started upon the entry into force of the new Immigration Law 2910/2001 which has been a delayed and elliptic attempt to move towards a modern immigration policy framework, introducing at the same time a second programme of irregular immigrants’ regularization. The second section of the study is complemented by an overview of the Greek attempts to control irregular immigration which has been one of the main preoccupations of Greek authorities and has topped their agendas with EU and Balkan states alike. The main tools against irregular immigration used by Greece so far have been regional inter-state agreements, an idea that has not produced the results wished for, since it has not been coupled by the necessary inter-state co-operation on substantive issues pertaining to the root causes of migration. Finally the third section focuses on some major issues regarding the peripheral, marginalized socio-political position of alien immigrant population and its prospects in modern Greek society. These are serious problems requiring the urgent action both of the state and the civil society. The study concludes by pinpointing the basic crucial themes on which a new comprehensive Greek immigration policy should be based, breaking the constraints of the archaic logic of immigration control that has so far led to a complete dead end, concurrently adopting a holistic thesis of action both regionally and on the European level.

Immigration Law and Management in Greece: Towards an Exodus from Underdevelopment and a Comprehensive Immigration Policy

Popular sovereignty is the foundation of the principle of democracy for the existence and functioning of the rule of law. In the Parliamentary Republic of Albania based on political pluralism for nearly three decades, this essential element of the democratic principle seems to be as fragile as the principle itself. The basic concept of the functionality of the rule of law in Albania under the Constitution is the separation and balancing of powers. Although the constitutional provision for the separation and balancing of powers is clear and based on Montesquieu’s conception of the development of the principle of democracy and the prohibition of abuse that each of the powers could inflict on each other, the separation and balancing of powers in Albania seems to be impossible. Albania as a country with a culture of not very long political pluralism, instead it comes from a rather long-term mono-party system where the development of the electoral process was more of a holiday than a race. However, the sovereignty of the people enshrined in today's constitution and yesterday's constitution seems more like a slogan than a fundamental principle of constitutional order. In these years of political pluralism between the test of many electoral systems coupled with constitutional and legal changes, the implementation of the principle of popular sovereignty to consolidate the democratic principle remains clearly a utopia for Albanian society. After each election process debates reopen the need for reforming the electoral system in general and managing the process in particular. The purpose of this paper through a comparative analysis is to identify the elements that impede the observance of the fundamental constitutional principle of popular sovereignty either directly or indirectly through elected representatives to consolidate the rule oflaw in Albania.

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The Principle of Sovereignty as the Main Principle of Democracy, between the Political Pluralism and the Electoral System in the Parlamentary Republic of Albania

Legal regime of foreigners in Europe has gained in recent years after a change of populations of particular importance that grow over the years (Vlahos G., Legality of persons and individuals, Volume of the Greek Supreme Court II, 1982, pg. 25, Venizelos E., European Citizenship and the Greek Constitution,Greek Legal Rewiev EEEyrD, 1993, pg. 271). This paper will look as a host country of emigrants. The large number of immigrants was certainly due to her disorder in the Greek population. The biggest challenge of the present and future is the integration of foreigners into the Greek society, which relates to integration of a number of legal issues related to the principle of equilibrium (by country of origin) and the principle of proportion (Dimitropoulos G. A., The Constitutional Rights of the foreigners in Greece, 2004, pg. 10). Sanctions and protection of any kind of a right of immigrants is a condition self-understanding, which should always be taken into account in Greece and not only there, but in any state that is founded on the principles and values of modern democracy. Given this principle, Greece in its recent law that was passed by the Greek Parliament approved by a majority of voting rights of immigrants resident in Greece and the right to be elected as members of the municipal councils or municipal councils if they possessed residence permit required by this law (Pasok party voted in favor and two far-left party SIRIZA, and the right against two parties, Laos and Nea Dimikratia, while the Communist Party voted abstention). The truth is that this law constitutes a legal innovation for Greece, a country that suffers from a lack of modern legislation on the legal treatment of foreign nationals who were permanent resident in Greece (Kakalis P., Greek legislation, the right of foreigners, 2005, pg. 45). On the following pages will analyze the background of the establishment of the Greek legislation on foreigners, the rights accorded to them by the law of 2010 (3838/2010), which will essentially be viewed in sections 14-21, stipulating the franchise of foreign immigrants in Greece, their right to be elected in local elections and the decision of the Greek court which seeks cancellation of articles based on the principle of popular sovereignty and several other articles of the Constitution Greek ( Papasiopi,Pasia. Z, The new Law 3386/2005 for foreigners, Thoughts and problematics, 2006, pg. 43.).
 DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p19

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The Right of Immigrants to Vote in Local Elections in Greece

Albania’s European integration represents a main national priority. As such, it requires that relations with the European Union be raised at the level of partnership. Our foreign policy toward the relationship with the EU and the Member States will aim at ensuring the necessary political and economic support that accelerates the transformation reforms and brings us even closer to the Community’s standards. The partnership with the EU and the Member States will be further improved also due to the boost in our programming and implementing capacities. The Government of Albania estimates that the interests of the compatriots living in the neighbouring countries are not different from the European interests of our citizens. On this basis, we shall encourage any initiatives in the countries where they live that regard the integrating processes as inseparable from the need of strengthening democratic standards and institutions according to the Euro-Atlantic model. We assess that the national interests of Albanians anywhere they live, jointly with their legitimate representatives, converge in the acceleration of standard reforms of development and European integration.
 DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n6p305

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Albania’s Integration in EU

This paper analyzes the European legal framework on cybercrime. It focuses on the criminal law framework on cybercrime with a mainly European perspective, based in the new modern challenges that have emerged in the form of cyber-crime as criminal groups have taken effectively advantage of technologies. The growing danger from crimes committed against computers, or against information on computers, is beginning to claim attention in national capitals. In most countries of the European Union, however, existing laws are likely to be unenforceable against such crimes. This lack of legal protection means that businesses and governments must rely solely on technical measures to protect themselves from cyber- crime, with the introduction of new investigative powers and the facilitation of international cooperation.Cybercrime is a term that is used to refer to a broad range of different activities relating to the misuse of data, computer and information systems, and cyberspace for economic, personal or psychological gain. Policy-makers at the EU and at national levels, academics and law enforcement practitioners have put forward different definitions and systems classifying cybercrime as attacks against information systems, online fraud and scam schemes, identity theft, illicit trading or dissemination of illegal content such as child sexual abuse material. The Union should therefore promote policies and legislation that ensure a very high level of network security and allow faster reactions in the event of cyber disruptions or cyber- attacks. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p327

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Cybercrime in the Perspective of the European Legal Framework

Strasbourg Court in the past three years has undergone some important changes relating to its internal functioning. Precisely the aim of this article is to reflect these innovations to give a better understanding of the organization on the Strasbourg Court issues. We have to mention here as the first legal innovation of the court the judicial disputes according to the urgency of the application, and when the request is based on the articles 2,3,4,5 par. 1 of the ECHR. Also part of this paper will be the next innovation of the Strasbourg Court the pilot judgment and his positive consequences, on the functioning of the court.
Part of our analysis will be the final decision against Albania of Mr. Qama on January 8, 2013, which represents for us, but we think also for the readers, a special interest in terms of legal issues raised in the trial of the case. The question in this part of analysis is: To ehat extent are recognized foreign decisions in our country, by the Albanian state courts, at the time when there was a decision of another court outside Albania on the same issue, facts, subject? Also a very important aspect of this decision is the interpretation of the legal notion of a state's positive obligation to take steps to protect the privacy of its citizens. After analyzing our article it is stated that Strasbourg Court seeks to achieve a very high level of professional and legal justification of its decision, with a main disadvantage the large number of applications that it faces.
 DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n6p365

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Darjel Sina

Papers

The Principle of Sovereignty as the Main Principle of Democracy, between the Political Pluralism and the Electoral System in the Parlamentary Republic of Albania

The Right of Immigrants to Vote in Local Elections in Greece

Albania’s Integration in EU

Cybercrime in the Perspective of the European Legal Framework

Legal Innovations to the Strasbourg Court and the Decision Qama versus Albania