Plasma–liquid interactions represent a growing interdisciplinary area of research involving plasma science, fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, photolysis, multiphase chemistry and aerosol science. This review provides an assessment of the state-of-the-art of this multidisciplinary area and identifies the key research challenges. The developments in diagnostics, modeling and further extensions of cross section and reaction rate databases that are necessary to address these challenges are discussed. The review focusses on non-equilibrium plasmas.

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Plasma-liquid interactions: A review and roadmap

Future generations of electric vehicles require driving ranges of at least 300 miles to successfully penetrate the mass consumer market. A significant improvement in the energy density of lithium batteries is mandatory while also maintaining similar or improved rate capability, lifetime, cost, and safety. The vast majority of electric vehicles that will appear on the market in the next 10 years will employ nickel-rich cathode materials, LiNi1–x–yCoxAlyO2 and LiNi1–x–yCoxMnyO2 (x + y < 0.2), in particular. Here, the potential and limitations of these cathode materials are critically compared with reference to realistic target values from the automotive industry. Moreover, we show how future automotive targets can be achieved through fine control of the structural and microstructural properties.

Nickel-Rich Layered Cathode Materials for Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries: Achievements and Perspectives

Introduction to heat transfer

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are promising candidates for building grid-level storage systems because of their high energy and power density, low discharge rate, and decreasing cost. A vital aspect in energy storage planning and operations is to accurately model the aging cost of battery cells, especially in irregular cycling operations. This paper proposes a semi-empirical lithium-ion battery degradation model that assesses battery cell life loss from operating profiles. We formulate the model by combining fundamental theories of battery degradation and our observations in battery aging test results. The model is adaptable to different types of lithium-ion batteries, and methods for tuning the model coefficients based on manufacturer’s data are presented. A cycle-counting method is incorporated to identify stress cycles from irregular operations, allowing the degradation model to be applied to any battery energy storage (BES) applications. The usefulness of this model is demonstrated through an assessment of the degradation that a BES would incur by providing frequency control in the PJM regulation market.

Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation for Cell Life Assessment

Temperature effect and thermal impact in lithium-ion batteries: A review

Measurement of anisotropic thermophysical properties of cylindrical Li-ion cells

Heat generation rate measurement in a Li-ion cell at large C-rates through temperature and heat flux measurements

Pulsed Power technology involves the science and engineering of the slow storage of energy (usually electric) followed by a rapid discharge of this energy (in a short pulse) into some load. The main purpose is to achieve an effective compression of the energy pulse with accompanying power gain (amplification). The main technological problems are cost, weight, volume reduction, and life and reliability improvements in repetitive systems. Past work in this field has dealt mainly with single energy pulses, whereas current work deals more with repetitive systems in which repetition rates often exceed 1000 pulses s − 1 . The vast majority of the advances in this technology have been made possible primarily through support for defense related applications though many civilian applications exist and are used every day in ways many may not expect.

David A. Wetz

Papers

Measurement of anisotropic thermophysical properties of cylindrical Li-ion cells

Heat generation rate measurement in a Li-ion cell at large C-rates through temperature and heat flux measurements

Pulsed Power Systems

Permanent gas analysis using gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet detection.

Modeling of steady-state convective cooling of cylindrical Li-ion cells