Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires

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Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

QUITE apart from the academic consideration that vital and medical statistics now form an obligatory part of the education of students seeking the University of London's diploma in public health, the demand for information about the methods of vital and medical statistics is increasing. The most casual reader of the newspapers is now aware that population problems are of serious practical importance and that the publications of the General Register Office cannot be ignored. It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that the recently issued preliminary report on the census of 1931 is one of the most sensational documents which has appeared for years, and that he who reads it intelligently will understand what is meant by saying that civilisation is in the melting pot. An Introduction to Medical Statistics. By Hilda M. Woods William T. Russell. Pp. x + 125. (London: P. S. King and Son, Ltd., 1931.) 7s. 6d.

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An Introduction to Medical Statistics

Human corneal thickness and its impact on intraocular pressure measures: a review and meta-analysis approach.

Risk factors for falls among older adults: a review of the literature.

Purpose To investigate the effect of age, gender, refractive error, and iris color on light-adapted pupil size in humans. Methods Pupil diameters of 91 subjects (age range, 17 to 83 years) with normal, healthy eyes were measured using an objective infrared-based continuous recording technique. Five photopic ocular illuminance levels were used (2.15 to 1050 lumens m-2), and the accommodative status of each subject was precisely controlled at a constant level. Results Pupil size decreased linearly as a function of age at all illuminance levels. Even at the highest illuminance level, there was still a significant effect of age upon pupil size. The rate of change of pupil diameter with age decreased from 0.043 mm per year at the lowest illuminance level to 0.015 mm per year at the highest. In addition, the variability between pupil sizes of subjects of the same age decreased by a factor of approximately two as luminance was increased over the range investigated. Pupil size was found to be independent of gender, refractive error, or iris color (P > 0.1). Conclusions Of the factors investigated, only chronologic age had a significant effect on the size of the pupil. The phenomenon of senile miosis is present over a wide range of ocular illuminance levels.

Factors affecting light-adapted pupil size in normal human subjects

Patient-reported outcome measurement has become accepted as an important component of comprehensive outcomes research. Researchers wishing to use a patient-reported measure must either develop their own questionnaire (called an instrument in the research literature) or choose from the myriad of instruments previously reported. This article summarizes how previously developed instruments are best assessed using a systematic process and we propose a system of quality assessment so that clinicians and researchers can determine whether there exists an appropriately developed and validated instrument that matches their particular needs. These quality assessment criteria may also be useful to guide new instrument development and refinement. We welcome debate over the appropriateness of these criteria as this will lead to the evolution of better quality assessment criteria and in turn better assessment of patient-reported outcomes. (Optom Vis Sci 2007;84:663–674)

http://www.pesudovs.com/konrad/Docs/Questionnaires2007.pdf

The development, assessment, and selection of questionnaires.

Improving the reliability of the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test

The reliability of the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart.

David B. Elliott* and Mark A. Bullimore\Purpose. To gather information regardin the reliabilityg , discriminative ability an,d validit oyfdisability glare tests.Methods. The following glare tests were evaluated the Miller-Nadler: , Vistech MCT8000 Ber, -keley, van den Berg Straylightmeter, and the Brightness Acuity Tester used with the Pelli-Rob-son and Regan charts. Three test evaluation criteria wer (1e used) repeatability—comparin: gtest score osn two visits (2; ) discriminative ability—the tests' abilit to differentiaty e betweenyoung and old subjects and between old normal and cataract subjects; (3) validity—comparingcataract test scores wit thhe reference standar odf the van den Berg Straylightmeter. Threesubject groups were evaluated: young normals (n = 24, mean age 24.3 ± 3.3 yr), older normals(n = 22, mean age 66.0 ± 6.2 yr), and early cataract ( n = 33, mean age 70.6 ±8.1 yr).Results and Conclusions. Data indicate that contrast sensitivit or loyw contrast acuity measuredin the presence of glare are superior to disability glare scores in assessing cataract patients withnormal neural function. Under glare conditions, contras and lot sensitivitw contrast acuity yscores from the Pelli-Robson, Regan, and Berkeley tests provide similarly reliable, discrimina-tive, and valid measure osf visual assessmen it n cataract. The Miller-Nadler glare tester poorlydetects and measures subtle change ins the ocular media, such as early cataract, becaus ofe itslarge step sizes at low contrast thresholds. The poor reliabilit of they Vistech MCT8000 limitsits usefulness Th. e study suggests that unless good chart an desigd psychophysicn s are used,the geometry and intensit oyf the glare source are of little importance. Invest Ophthalmol VisSci. 1993;34:108-119.v>«ontrast sensitivity (CS) and glare tests are beingused more frequently to clinically evaluate patientswith media opacities, such as after refractive surgeryand in patients with corneal edema, cataract, and cap-sular opacification. In some cases, they also are used to

David B. Elliott

Papers

Factors affecting light-adapted pupil size in normal human subjects

The development, assessment, and selection of questionnaires.

Improving the reliability of the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test

The reliability of the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart.

Assessing the reliability, discriminative ability, and validity of disability glare tests.