This study explores two issues about police legitimacy. The first issue is the relative importance of police legitimacy in shaping public support of the police and policing activities, compared to the importance of instrumental judgments about (1) the risk that people will be caught and sanctioned for wrongdoing, (2) the performance of the police in fighting crime, and/or (3) the fairness of the distribution of police services. Three aspects of public support for the police are examined: public compliance with the law, public cooperation with the police, and public willingness to support policies that empower the police. The second issue is which judgments about police activity determine people’s views about the legitimacy of the police. This study compares the influence of people’s judgments about the procedural justice of the manner in which the police exercise their authority to the influence of three instrumental judgments: risk, performance, and distributive fairness. Findings of two surveys of New Yorkers show that, first, legitimacy has a strong influence on the public’s reactions to the police, and second, the key antecedent of legitimacy is the fairness of the procedures used by the police. This model applies to both white and minority group residents.

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The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing

Distinguishing four sources of power in human societies – ideological, economic, military and political – The Sources of Social Power traces their interrelations throughout human history In this first volume, Michael Mann examines interrelations between these elements from neolithic times, through ancient Near Eastern civilizations, the classical Mediterranean age and medieval Europe, up to just before the Industrial Revolution in England It offers explanations of the emergence of the state and social stratification; of city-states, militaristic empires and the persistent interaction between them; of the world salvation religions; and of the particular dynamism of medieval and early modern Europe It ends by generalizing about the nature of overall social development, the varying forms of social cohesion and the role of classes and class struggle in history First published in 1986, this new edition of Volume 1 includes a new preface by the author examining the impact and legacy of the work

The sources of social power

International Relations scholars have vigorous theories to explain why international organizations (IOs) are created, but they have paid little attention to IO behavior and whether IOs actually do what their creators intend. This blind spot flows logically from the economic theories of organization that have dominated the study of international institutions and regimes. To recover the agency and autonomy of IOs, we offer a constructivist approach. Building on Max Weber's well-known analysis of bureaucracy, we argue that IOs are much more powerful than even neoliberals have argued, and that the same characteristics of bureaucracy that make IOs powerful can also make them prone to dysfunctional behavior. IOs are powerful because, like all bureaucracies, they make rules, and, in so doing, they create social knowledge. IOs deploy this knowledge in ways that define shared international tasks, create new categories of actors, form new interests for actors, and transfer new models of political organization around the world. However, the same normative valuation on impersonal rules that defines bureaucracies and makes them powerful in modern life can also make them unresponsive to their environments, obsessed with their own rules at the expense of primary missions, and ultimately produce inefficient and self-defeating behavior. Sociological and constructivist approaches thus allow us to expand the research agenda beyond IO creation and to ask important questions about the consequences of global bureaucratization and the effects of IOs in world politics.

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The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations

Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts

Economic Commission for Africa

Preface to the 2nd edition.- Preface to the 1st edition.- Introduction.- PART I: THE CRITERIA FOR LEGITIMACY.- 1. Towards a Social-Scientific Concept of Legitimacy.- 2. Power and its need of Legitimation.- 3. The Intellectual Structure of Legitimacy.- 4. Social Science and the Social Construction of Legitimacy.- PART II: LEGITIMACY IN THE MODERN STATE.- 5. Dimensions of State Legitimacy.- 6. Crisis Tendencies of Political Systems.-7. Modes of Non-Legitimate Power.- 8. Legitimacy in Political Science and Political Philosophy.- 9. The Legitimation of Power in the 21st Century.- PART III: LEGITIMACY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY.- 10. Legitimacy Within the State.- 11. Legitimacy Beyond the State.

The Legitimation of Power

Preface and Acknowledgements. 1. Defining and Justifying Democracy. Some Conditions for Democracy. 2. Liberal Democracy and the Limits of Democratization. 3. Market Economy and Democratic Polity. 4. Conditions for Democratic Consolidation. Democracy and Human Rights. 5. Human Rights and Democracy: a Multi--faceted Relationship. 6. What future for Economic and Social Rights?. 7. Human Rights as a Model for Cosmopolitan Democracy. Auditing Democracy. 8. Key Principles and Indices for a Democratic Audit. 9. Democratic Criteria for Electoral Systems. Notes. Index.

Democracy and Human Rights

Introduction - David Beetham Democratic Theory and Indices of Democratization - Michael Saward Key Principles and Indices for a Democratic Audit - David Beetham More Participation, More Democracy? - Geraint Parry and George Moyser The Duration of Democracy - Axel Hadenius Institutional vs Socio-economic Factors Is the Degree of Electoral Democracy Measurable? - Jorgen Elklit Experiences from Bulgaria, Kenya, Latvia, Mongolia and Nepal Primary Control and Auxiliary Precautions - Stuart Weir A Comparative Study of Democratic Institutions in Six Nations The Experiential Approach to Auditing Democracy - Patrick Dunleavy and Helen Margetts The Idea of Democracy in the West and in the East - Nikolai Biryukov and Victor Sergeyev Cultural Diveristy and Liberal Democracy - Bhiku Parekh

Defining and measuring democracy

Most of the contemporary debates about the European Union - about its role, its institutional arrangements, its development dynamic, its expansion and possible futures - revolve around the issue of political legitimacy. Legitimacy and the European Union addresses the fundamental issues at the heart of the debates on Europe and examines such key questions as:- -What is the scope of the EU's authority -Is there a legitimacy deficit? If so, how much does it matter -Does political legitimacy only reside in the nation state? Using a multi-dimensional conception of political legitimacy, the text analyses the character and problems of the European Union's authority in respect of democracy, political identity and governmental performance. Its distinctive claim is that political legitimacy can now only be understood as a process of interaction between the state and EU levels, and that this interaction impacts differentially on different member states.

Legitimacy and the European Union

Introduction to the Second Edition. 1. Max Weber as Political Theorist. 2. Weber as Protagonist of Borgeois Values. 3. The Limits of Bureaucratic Rationality. 4. Parliment and Democracy. 5. Nationalism and the Nation State. 6. Society, Class and State: Germany. 7. Society, Class and State: Russia. 8. Class Society and Plebiscitary Leadership. 9.Social Science and Political Practice. Bibliography. Index.

David Beetham

Papers

The Legitimation of Power

Democracy and Human Rights

Defining and measuring democracy

Legitimacy and the European Union

Max Weber and the theory of modern politics