Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

https://www.wsl.ch/staff/niklaus.zimmermann/papers/ecomod135_147.pdf

Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology

Statistics for Spatial Data.

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

The majority of marine populations are demographically open; their replenishment is largely or exclusively dependent on a supply of juveniles from the plankton. In spite of much recent research, no consensus has yet been reached regarding the importance of recruitment relative to other demographic processes in determining local population densities. We argue 1. that demographic theory suggests that, except under restrictive and unlikely conditions, recruitment must influence local population density to some extent. Therefore, 2. the question as to whether the size of a particular population is limited by recruitment is misguided. Finally, 3. the effect of recruitment on population size can be difficult to detect but is nonetheless real. A major weakness of most existing studies is a lack of attention to the survival of recruits over appropriate scales of time and space. Acknowledgment of the multifactorial determination of population density should guide the design of future experimental studies of the demography of open populations.

/pdf/recruitment-and-the-local-dynamics-of-open-marine-5a4k2s9r5p.pdf

Recruitment and the local dynamics of open marine populations

Habitat selection is the disproportionate use of available conditions and resources, and involves responses in space and time to perceived risks and rewards. It frequently depends on the scale of measurement, often in non-linear ways that preclude simple extrapolation across scales. More critically, animals often select different habitat components at different scales, and species vary in their scales of selection. Although multi-scaled research on habitat selection has proliferated, synthesis of this work has been impeded by imprecise terminology and arbitrarily defined analytical scales. Here, we review key concepts and findings and evaluate future prospects opened up in part by new technologies that enable novel and more efficient data collection. Innovative measurement, combined with novel analytical approaches, permits habitat selection to be investigated across a broad continuum of scales. By linking habitat selection to fitness as a function of scale, use-of-habitat assessments can be more effective. The fitness costs and benefits of habitat selection change with scale; the scales of habitat selection may inform us of limiting factors. We outline how reward/risk ratios can be used to assess the fitness implications of habitat selection across scales.

https://faculty.washington.edu/cet6/pub/Temp/CFR521e/Mayor_etal_2009.pdf

Habitat selection at multiple scales

Recognition of the concept of scale occurred rapidly in the 1980s, but the concept itself is far older. The last quarter of the 20th century witnessed major changes in the science of ecology, including increases in skill and rigor in the design of field experiments, the growth of mathematically based theory, computer-mediated advances in analytical capacity, and the accelerating capacity to acquire and retrieve data. These changes were accompanied by growing recognition of the problem of scale (Wiens 1989, Steele 1991, Levin 1992). The problem has three components. First, pressing problems in ecology often exist at the scale of decades and large ecosystems. Second, most variables can only be measured directly in small areas, over short periods of time. Relatively few variables, such as ocean color, can be measured at fine resolution over large areas via remote sensing. Most variables, and in particular most rates, can be measured only on site. Third, patterns measured at small scales do not necessarily hold at larger scales; nor do processes prevailing at small scales necessarily prevail at large scales. Consequently, pressing problems in ecology cannot be automatically addressed by scaling locally measured variables directly to larger areas and longer times.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0545:TROTCO]2.0.CO;2

The Rise of the Concept of Scale in Ecology

Fishers have detailed knowledge of their resources, their environment, and their fishing practices that is rarely systematically collected. We conducted three types of interviews with coastal Newfo...

Fisheries assessment: what can be learned from interviewing resource users?

Several recent, high-impact ecological studies feature natural microcosms as tools for testing effects of fragmentation, metacommunity theory or links between biodiversity and ecosystem processes. These studies combine the microcosm advantages of small size, short generation times, contained structure and hierarchical spatial arrangement with advantages of field studies: natural environmental variance, 'openness' and realistic species combinations with shared evolutionary histories. This enables tests of theory pertaining to spatial and temporal dynamics, for example, the effects of neighboring communities on local diversity, or the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem function. Using examples, we comment on the position of natural microcosms in the roster of ecological research strategies and tools. We conclude that natural microcosms are as versatile as artificial microcosms, but as complex and biologically realistic as other natural systems. Research to date combined with inherent attributes of natural microcosms make them strong candidate model systems for ecology.

/pdf/are-natural-microcosms-useful-model-systems-for-ecology-kfpv2s0f80.pdf

Are natural microcosms useful model systems for ecology

Introduction: The Concept of Scale in Ecology. Multiscale Analysis. Scaled Quantities: Quantities. Units and Dimensions. Rescaling Quantities. Scope of Quantities. Spatial and Temporal Variability: The Geography and Chronology of Quantities. Quantities Derived from Sequential Measurements. Ensemble Quantities: Weighted Sums. Ensemble Quantities: Variability. Relation of Quantities: Equations. Expected Value of a Quantity. Scaling from the Minuscule to the Monstrous: Allometric Rescaling. Spatial Scaling. Subject Index.

David C. Schneider

Papers

Habitat selection at multiple scales

The Rise of the Concept of Scale in Ecology

Fisheries assessment: what can be learned from interviewing resource users?

Are natural microcosms useful model systems for ecology

Quantitative Ecology: Spatial and Temporal Scaling