Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: Is single-species management passé in the landscape era?

 – Among the species in the family Salmonidae, those represented by the genera Salmo, Salvelinus, and Oncorhynchus (subfamily Salmoninae) are the most studied. Here, various aspects of phenotypic and life-history variation of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., brown trout Salmo trutta L., and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) are reviewed. While many strategies and tactics are commonly used by these species, there are also differences in their ecology and population dynamics that result in a variety of interesting and diverse topics that are challenging for future research. Atlantic salmon display considerable phenotypic plasticity and variability in life-history characters ranging from fully freshwater resident forms, where females can mature at approximately 10 cm in length, to anadromous populations characterised by 3–5 sea-winter (5SW) salmon. Even within simple 1SW populations, 20 or more spawning life-history types can be identified. Juveniles in freshwater can use both fluvial and lacustrine habitats for rearing, and while most smolts migrate to sea during the spring, fall migrations occur in some populations. At sea, some salmon undertake extensive oceanic migrations while other populations stay within the geographical confines of areas such as the Baltic Sea. At the other extreme are those that reside in estuaries and return to freshwater to spawn after spending only a few months at sea. The review of information on the diversity of life-history forms is related to conservation aspects associated with Atlantic salmon populations and current trends in abundance and survival. Brown trout is indigenous to Europe, North Africa and western Asia, but was introduced into at least 24 countries outside Europe and now has a world-wide distribution. It exploits both fresh and salt waters for feeding and spawning (brackish), and populations are often partially migratory. One part of the population leaves and feeds elsewhere, while another part stays as residents. In large, complex systems, the species is polymorphic with different size morphs in the various parts of the habitat. Brown trout feed close to the surface and near shore, but large individuals may move far offshore. The species exhibits ontogenetic niche shifts partly related to size and partly to developmental rate. They switch when the amount of surplus energy available for growth becomes small with fast growers being younger and smaller fish than slow growers. Brown trout is an opportunistic carnivore, but individuals specialise at least temporarily on particular food items; insect larvae are important for the young in streams, while littoral epibenthos in lakes and fish are most important for large trout. The sexes differ in resource use and size. Females are more inclined than males to become migratory and feed in pelagic waters. Males exploit running water, near-shore and surface waters more than females. Therefore, females feed more on zooplankton and exhibit a more uniform phenotype than males. The Arctic charr is the northernmost freshwater fish on earth, with a circumpolar distribution in the Holarctic that matches the last glaciation. Recent mtDNA studies indicate that there are five phylogeographic lineages (Atlantic, Arctic, Bering, Siberian and Acadian) that may be of Pleistocene origin. Phenotypic expression and ecology are more variable in charr than in most fish. Weights at maturation range from 3 g to 12 kg. Population differences in morphology and coloration are large and can have some genetic basis. Charr live in streams, at sea and in all habitats of oligotrophic lakes, including very deep areas. Ontogenetic habitat shifts between lacustrine habitats are common. The charr feed on all major prey types of streams, lakes and near-shore marine habitats, but has high niche flexibility in competition. Cannibalism is expressed in several cases, and can be important for developing and maintaining bimodal size distributions. Anadromy is found in the northern part of its range and involves about 40, but sometimes more days in the sea. All charr overwinter in freshwater. Partial migration is common, but the degree of anadromy varies greatly among populations. The food at sea includes zooplankton and pelagic fish, but also epibenthos. Polymorphism and sympatric morphs are much studied. As a prominent fish of glaciated lakes, charr is an important species for studying ecological speciation by the combination of field studies and experiments, particularly in the fields of morphometric heterochrony and comparative behaviour.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1600-0633.2003.00010.x

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., brown trout Salmo trutta L. and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.): a review of aspects of their life histories

Estimates of national-scale forest carbon (C) stocks and fluxes are typically based on allometric regression equations developed using dimensional analysis techniques. However, the literature is inconsistent and incomplete with respect to large-scale forest C estimation. We compiled all available diameter-based allometric regression equations for estimating total aboveground and component biomass, defined in dry weight terms, for trees in the United States. We then implemented a modified meta-analysis based on the published equations to develop a set of consistent, national-scale aboveground biomass regression equations for U.S. species. Equations for predicting biomass of tree components were developed as proportions of total aboveground biomass for hardwood and softwood groups. A comparison with recent equations used to develop large-scale biomass estimates from U.S. forest inventory data for eastern U.S. species suggests general agreement (±30%) between biomass estimates. The comparison also shows that differences in equation forms and species groupings may cause differences at small scales depending on tree size and forest species composition. This analysis represents the first major effort to compile and analyze all available biomass literature in a consistent national-scale framework. The equations developed here are used to compute the biomass estimates used by the model FORCARB to develop the U.S. C budget. FOR. SCI. 49(1):12-35.

https://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/other_publishers/OCR/ne_2003jenkins01.pdf

National scale biomass estimators for United States tree species

We report estimates of declines of natural ecosystems in the United States, provide a rationale for ecosystem-level conservation, discuss decline and threat as criteria for conservation, and relate ecosystem losses to endangerment at species and population levels. Ecosystems are defined generally and at various spatial scales and include vegetation types, plant associations, natural communities, and habitats defined by floristics, structure, age, geography, condition, and other ecologically relevant factors. The methodology for this report consisted of a literature review and a survey of conservation agencies and professionals. The results of this preliminary study indicated significant losses of biodiversity at the ecosystem level in the United States. The most substantial losses were summarized by listing ecosystems as critically endangered (>98% decline), endangered (85-98% decline), and threatened (70-84% decline). We identified more than 30 critically endangered, 58 endangered, and more than 38 threatened ecosystems. Losses of all kinds of ecosystems have been most pronounced in the South, Northeast, and Midwest, and in California. We suggest that integrated conservation plans for all ecosystems be developed in each ecoregion of the United States, starting with types and regions that sustained the greatest losses and are at greatest risk of further loss. Conservation plans could be based on detailed studies of ecosystem status and trends and include quantitative analyses of ecosystem decline, ecological consequences of loss and degradation, and current and potential threats to each ecosystem. Ecosystem conservation need not be restricted to pristine sites, which are now almost nonexistent. Rather, management and, where possible, restoration plans for native biodiversity in partially disturbed sites should be considered.

Endangered Ecosystems of the United States: A Preliminary Assessment of Loss and Degradation

History and restoration of the longleaf pine-grassland ecosystem: Implications for species at risk

/pdf/the-longleaf-pine-forests-of-the-southeast-requiem-or-5391wp0kkp.pdf

The Longleaf Pine Forests of the Southeast: REQUIEM OR

https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2001/ne_2001_brose_001.pdf

Bringing fire back: The changing regimes of the Appalachian mixed-oak forests

VAST FORESTS OF LONGLEAF PINE (P1M.B PALUSTRIS) GREETED the first European settlers of the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain of the Carolinas and Georgia. At that time, this species may have dominated as much as 92 mil l ion acres throughout the southeastern United Srates (Frost 1933). Only about 20 million acres of longlraf pine forest were left by 1935 (Wahlenberg 1946). These forests declined to less than 5 million acrrs by 1975, and within the next decade to 3.8 million acres (Kelly and Bechtold 1330). A more recent update (USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis, unpubl. data) puts the total at about 3.2 million acres. Losses since rhen have likely i-cduced remaining longleaf forests to less than 3 million acres.

/pdf/the-longleaf-pine-forests-of-the-southeast-requiem-or-3lhy4ujkwn.pdf

The longleaf pine forests of the southeast: requiem or renaissance?

Effects of seasonal prescribed fires of varying intensities on density, mortality, stem form, height, and height growth of hardwood advance regeneration were investigated. Three mixed-hardwood stands on productive upland sites were cut using a shelterwood technique, each forming a block of spring burn, summer burn, winter burn, and control treatments. Advance regeneration was inventoried from permanent plots before and after burning. Fires top-killed nearly all hardwood regeneration, forcing the rootstocks to sprout. Fire treatments reduced densities of all hardwood species relative to not burning, with spring and summer fires causing greater density reduction than winter burning. Among species, oak (Quercus spp. L.) and hickory (Carya spp. Nutt.) were more resilient sprouters than yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.), especially as fire intensity increased. All prescribed fires improved oak stem form and stimulated height growth of hickory and oak. Overall, prescribed fires improved oak advance regeneration with spring burning providing the most benefit. This approach of following a shelterwood harvest with prescribed fire may be a viable method of regenerating oak-dominated stands on productive upland sites. Resume : Les effets du brslage dirigO, effectuO ‡ diffOrentes saisons et ‡ des intensitOs variables, sur la densitO, la mortalitO, la forme de la tige, la hauteur et la croissance en hauteur de la rOgOnOration feuillue prOOtablie ont OtO investiguOs. Trois peuplements de feuillus mOlangOs Otablis sur des sites riches situOs sur les plateaux furent coupOs selon la technique de la coupe progressive. Chaque peuplement constituait un bloc de traitements qui incluaient des brslages printanier, estival et hivernal ainsi quiun tOmoin. La rOgOnOration prOOtablie a OtO inventoriOe dans des parcelles permanentes avant et aprs le brslage. Le feu a tuO la cime de presque tous les semis de feuillus forAant leur systme racinaire ‡ drageonner. Le brslage a rOduit la densitO de toutes les espces feuillues comparativement ‡ liabsence de brslage. Les brslages printanier ou estival ont causO une plus forte rOduction que le brslage hivernal. Parmi les espces prOsentes, le chŒne ( Quercus spp. L.) et le caryer (Carya spp. Nutt.) avaient une meillleure capacitO de drageonner que le tulipier de Virginie (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) et liOrable rouge (Acer rubrum L.), particulirement lorsque liintensitO du feu augmentait. Dans tous les cas, le brslage dirigO a amOliorO la forme de la tige du chŒne et a stimulO la croissance en hauteur du caryer et du chŒne. Dans liensemble, le brslage dirigO a amOliorO la rOgOnOration prOOtablie du chŒne et le brslage effectuO au printemps a procurO le plus diavantages. Cette approche consistant ‡ utiliser le brslage dirigO aprs une coupe progressive pourrait siavOrer une mOthode viable pour rOgOnOrer les peuplements dominOs par le chŒne sur les sites riches des plateaux. (Traduit par la ROdaction)

https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/1998/nrs_1998_brose_001.pdf

David H. Van Lear

Papers

History and restoration of the longleaf pine-grassland ecosystem: Implications for species at risk

The Longleaf Pine Forests of the Southeast: REQUIEM OR

Bringing fire back: The changing regimes of the Appalachian mixed-oak forests

The longleaf pine forests of the southeast: requiem or renaissance?

Responses of hardwood advance regeneration to seasonal prescribed fires in oak-dominated shelterwood stands