The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class.

Cet article analyse les relations conceptuelles (imprecises) de la vulnerabilite, de la resilience et de la capacite d’adaptation aux changements climatiques selon le systeme socio-ecologique (socio-ecologigal systems – SES) afin de comprendre et anticiper le comportement des composantes sociales et ecologiques du systeme. Une serie de questions est proposee par l’auteur sur la specification de ces termes afin de developper une structure conceptuelle qui inclut les dimensions naturelles et so...

Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity

http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/pdf/files/10.1016-S0261-5177(00)00009-1.pdf

Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries

세계화가 과연 하나의 독립변수로 사용하기에 충분할 정도로 그 의미가 명확하게 규명된 과학적 개념인가의 여부는 학계의 지속적인 의문으로 남아 있다. 특히 최근에는 현저하게 드러나고 있는 각종 반세계화 현상을 바탕으로 세계화에 대한 반론이 거세지고 있으며 일부 세계화론 주창자들조차 ‘현실’로서 세계화 현상에 대한 회의적 시각을 표출하고 있어 그 의문은 더욱 커지고 있다. 이에 따라 세계화를 설명 변수로 삼는 모든 연구 영역에서 세계화의 의미와 세계화와 관련된 연구 성과를 반추해 볼 필요성도 커지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 세계화의 의미 분석을 바탕으로 세계화를 안보환경 변화의 독립변수로 삼는 연구의 동향을 분석하고 연구의 방향을 제시하는데 있다. 세계화는 그 설명적 가치와 규범적 판단을 둘러싸고 논란이 계속되고 있는 개념이다. 세계화는 세계화론자를 중심으로 발전되어 온 개념이지만 이들 사이에서도 개념에 대한 합의는 존재하지 않는다. 세계화는 가장 단순하게는 하나의 현상 혹은 사건으로 간주되기도 하지만, 세계화의 본질을 규명하려는 입장에서는 세계화의 원인과 영향에 대한 인과관계는 물론 사회관계 본질이나 권력관계 변화를 적시하는 개념으로 취급하여 왔다. 그러나 세계화를 개념화하려는 노력은 수많은 하부 현상을 단일 요소로 설명해야 하며, 역으로 개념 속에 혼재되어 있는 세계화의 원인, 결과, 설명 및 규범적 판단 요소를 단순화해야 한다는 과제를 안고 있다. 특히 원인과 결과가 혼재되어 있는 세계화 개념은 현상 분석을 위한 설명체제 구성에 가장 큰 장애요인이 되고 있다. 세계화와 안보와의 관계를 다루는 연구는 대체로 세계화에 관한 중도론적 입장에서 안보에 관한 낙관론을 피하고 새로운 위협을 제시하는데 초점을 맞추는데, 이러한 경향은 안보연구에서 세계화를 가장 단순한 수준에서 정의하는 데에서 비롯된다. 그러나 지나치게 단순한 세계화 개념을 적용하는 안보연구는 질적으로 새로운 현상인 세계화를 여전히 국가중심적 시각에서 다루고 모든 안보위협을 테러리즘의 문제로 축소하려는 환원주의의 문제를 야기한다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위해서는 세계화 개념의 불완전성을 염두에 둔 세계화 개념에 대한 접근과 일관된 세계화 개념 적용이 요구된다. 또한 세계화 현상으로부터 직접적인 안보 사안을 도출하는 노력에서 한 차원 더 나아가 안보연구의 새로운 방향을 제시해 줄 수 있는 안보환경 변화의 전체적 특성을 분석하는 포괄적 연구가 요구된다.

세계화(globalization)와 안보 연구

Sustainable tourism has become an increasingly popular field of research since the late 1980s. However, the sustainable tourism debate is patchy, disjointed and often flawed with false assumptions and arguments. This paper is a brief critique of some of the weaknesses in the sustainable tourism literature. In particular, it explores six issues that are often overlooked but must be addressed in research: the role of tourism demand, the nature of tourism resources, the imperative of intra-generational equity, the role of tourism in promoting sociocultural progress, the measurement of sustainability, and forms of sustainable development. Finally, it is argued that in order to transform research on sustainable tourism to a more scientific level, a systems perspective and an interdisciplinary approach are indispensable.

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Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique

Tourism's role as a development tool has increased over the past three decades. Its contribution to poverty alleviation was first noted in the 1970s, but this focus was increasingly blurred in theoretical debates over ‘development’ in the 1980s and 1990s. It resurfaced at the end of the 1990s with the emergence of ‘pro-poor tourism’ (ppt), defined as tourism which brings net benefits to the poor. In this paper the emergence of ppt is described, its main features outlined, and several conceptual and substantive criticisms are discussed. It is concluded that, while ppt is based on a worthwhile injunction to help the poor, it is distinctive neither theoretically nor in its methods, and has become too closely associated with community-based tourism. Rather than remain on the academic and development margins, it should be reintegrated into and reinform mainstream studies of tourism and development, and focus more on researching the actual and potential role of mass tourism in alleviating poverty and b...

Pro-poor Tourism: a critique

Tourism as a tool for development was first mooted in the 1970s. Recently, focus has been on the role of ecotourism, pro-poor tourism and community-based tourism (CBT). This has been so in Lao People's Democratic Republic, where international tourism is a vital source of foreign exchange and employment and an important feature of the government's poverty-alleviation strategy. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) finances many infrastructural projects facilitating tourist movement in the Lower Mekong Basin, and with the Lao Government and the Netherlands Development Agency (SNV) is a key player in donor-assisted, community-based tourism (DACBT). The development of DACBT in Lao PDR is discussed in some detail, especially the Nam Ha Ecotourism Project, and is compared briefly with the role of the private sector in tourism development in Southern Lao PDR. It is concluded that while DACBT projects can indeed alleviate poverty and develop financial and cultural capital, private sector tourism enterprises also have ...

Lao Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: Community-Based Tourism and the Private Sector

International Tourism and the Less Developed Countries: the Background Tourism to Less Developed Countries: the Social Consequences Political Instability and Tourism in the Third World The Structure of International Tourism and Tourism Development in Kenya Sex Tourism in South-East Asia Japan and South-East Asia: the International Division of Labour and Leisure Tourism in Latin America: Perspectives from Mexico and Costa Rica Tourism Development in Cuba The Politics of Tour Guiding: Israeli and Palestinian Guides in Israel and the Occupied Territories Life in the Informat Sector: Street Guides in Kandy, Sri Lanka Tradition, Modernity and Tourism in Swaziland.

Tourism and the Less Developed Countries

"David Harrison writes very well, and presents a good, well-balanced and perceptive appraisal of current perspectives."--"Times Higher Education Supplement" This title available in eBook format. Click here for more information. Visit our eBookstore at: www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk.

The Sociology of Modernization and Development

Part One: General Themes 1: Less Developed Countries and Tourism: The Overall Pattern, D Harrison 2: Tourism and Less Developed Countries: Key Issues, D Harrison 3: Tourism Challenges in Developing Nations: Continuity and Change at the Millennium, L K Richter, Kansas State University, USA Part Two: Tourism in Specific Regions 4: Human Resources in Tourism Development: African Perspectives, P U C Dieke, University of Strathclyde,UK 5: Tourism in the Southern Common Market: MERCOSUL, G Santana, Universidade do Vale do Itajal, Brazil 6: Tourism and Development in Communist and Post-communist Societies, D R Hall, Scottish AgriculturalCollege, UK 7: Tourism Development in China: The Dilemma of Bureaucratic Decentralization and Economic Liberalisation,A A Lew, Northern Arizona University, USA 8: Japan and Tourism in the Pacific Rim: Locating a Sphere of Influence in the Global Economy, C M Hall,University of Otago, New Zealand 9: Indian Tourism: Policy, Performance and Pitfalls, S Singh, Centre for Tourism Research and Development, India 10: The Journey: An Overview of Travel and Tourism in the Arab Islamic Context, H Aziz, University of Alexandria, Egypt Part Three: Selected Case Studies 11: Mass Tourism and Alternative Tourism in the Caribbean, D B Weaver, Griffith University, Australia 12: Resort based Tourism on the Pleasure Periphery, B King, Victoria University, Australia 13: Child Sex Tourism in Thailand, H Montgomery, Open University, UK 14: Community-based Ecotourism, Social Exclusion and the Changing Political Economy of KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa, F Brennan and G Allen, College of St. Mark and St. John, Plymouth, UK 15: Wallace's Line: Implications for Conservation and Ecotourism in Indonesia, S Ross, Parks Canada,and G Wall, University of Waterloo, Canada 16: Ecotourism Development in the Rural Highlands in Fiji, K S Bricker, West Virginia University, USA Part Four: In Conclusion 17: Afterword, D Harrison

David Harrison

Papers

Pro-poor Tourism: a critique

Lao Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: Community-Based Tourism and the Private Sector

Tourism and the Less Developed Countries

The Sociology of Modernization and Development

Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies