Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

A fast-Fourier-transform method of topography and interferometry is proposed. By computer processing of a noncontour type of fringe pattern, automatic discrimination is achieved between elevation and depression of the object or wave-front form, which has not been possible by the fringe-contour-generation techniques. The method has advantages over moire topography and conventional fringe-contour interferometry in both accuracy and sensitivity. Unlike fringe-scanning techniques, the method is easy to apply because it uses no moving components.

Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer-based topography and interferometry

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has been observed in a dilute gas of sodium atoms. A Bose-Einstein condensate consists of a macroscopic population of the ground state of the system, and is a coherent state of matter. In an ideal gas, this phase transition is purely quantum-statistical. The study of BEC in weakly interacting systems which can be controlled and observed with precision holds the promise of revealing new macroscopic quantum phenomena that can be understood from first principles.

Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms

비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

Geant4 is a software toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. It is used by a large number of experiments and projects in a variety of application domains, including high energy physics, astrophysics and space science, medical physics and radiation protection. Over the past several years, major changes have been made to the toolkit in order to accommodate the needs of these user communities, and to efficiently exploit the growth of computing power made available by advances in technology. The adaptation of Geant4 to multithreading, advances in physics, detector modeling and visualization, extensions to the toolkit, including biasing and reverse Monte Carlo, and tools for physics and release validation are discussed here.

/pdf/recent-developments-in-geant4-3pgbpf1ko3.pdf

Recent developments in GEANT4

We demonstrate simultaneous phase and amplitude extraction from a single defocused image of a homogeneous object. Subject to the assumptions explicitly stated in the derivation, the algorithm solves the twin-image problem of in-line holography and is capable of analysing data obtained using X-ray microscopy, electron microscopy, neutron microscopy or visible-light microscopy, especially as they relate to defocus and point projection methods. Our simple, robust, non-iterative and computationally efficient method is applied to data obtained using an X-ray phase contrast ultramicroscope.

Simultaneous phase and amplitude extraction from a single defocused image of a homogeneous object

We demonstrate that interferometric imaging may be replaced by noninterferometric propagation-based techniques in many experiments. We explore propagation through the Poynting vector and find two classes of phase, one of which is topological in origin. Only this latter class may require interferometry to be determined, and even then only in specific well-defined circumstances. Our alternative definitions of phase are readily generalized to partially coherent radiation. Our analysis leads to an approach that is able to determine the absolute phase and the amplitude of a wave.

Noninterferometric Phase Imaging with Partially Coherent Light

The quantitative imaging of a phase object using 16 keV x rays is reported. The theoretical basis of the techniques is presented along with its implementation using a synchrotron x-ray source. We find that our phase image is in quantitative agreement with independent measurements of the object.

http://xrm.phys.northwestern.edu/research/pdf_papers/1996/nugent_prl_1996.pdf

Quantitative Phase Imaging Using Hard X Rays.

We present a new method for the extraction of quantitative phase data from microscopic phase samples by use of partially coherent illumination and an ordinary transmission microscope. The technique produces quantitative images of the phase profile of the sample without phase unwrapping. The technique is able to recover phase even in the presence of amplitude modulation, making it significantly more powerful than existing methods of phase microscopy. We demonstrate the technique by providing quantitatively correct phase images of well-characterized test samples and show that the results obtained for more-complex samples correlate with structures observed with Nomarski differential interference contrast techniques.

/pdf/quantitative-optical-phase-microscopy-1rdfomtfn7.pdf

Quantitative optical phase microscopy

1. X-Ray Wave-Fields in Free Space 2. X-Ray Interactions with Matter 3. X-Ray Sources, Optical Elements and Detectors 4. Coherent X-Ray Imaging 5. Singular X-Ray Optics

David M. Paganin

Papers

Simultaneous phase and amplitude extraction from a single defocused image of a homogeneous object

Noninterferometric Phase Imaging with Partially Coherent Light

Quantitative Phase Imaging Using Hard X Rays.

Quantitative optical phase microscopy

Coherent X-Ray Optics