Entrepreneurship has become a dynamic field of research in the last two decades. However, ‘rural entrepreneurship’ has been largely overlooked. It seems therefore timely to present a quantitative survey of the literature in this particular area. Based on 181 articles on rural entrepreneurship published in journals indexed in Scopus, we found that rural entrepreneurship is an essentially European concern, whose most prolific authors are affiliated with institutions in the UK and Spain. Organisational characteristics, policy measures and institutional frameworks and governance have attracted considerable attention in recent years, being considered emergent topics of research. In contrast, theory building has not attracted much research over the period in analysis, which suggests that the theoretical body of rural entrepreneurship is still incipient, hindering the establishment of its boundaries and of a suitable research agenda. Empirical literature on rural entrepreneurship has focused mainly on developed countries, most notably, the UK, the USA, Spain, Finland and Greece. Given the potential rural entrepreneurship represents for less developed and underdeveloped countries, more research on the topic targeting these countries is an imperative.

Twenty Years of Rural Entrepreneurship: A Bibliometric Survey

Rural settings in the United States have characteristics that present a unique context for small business, often portrayed as adverse. Studies of rural entrepreneurs and small businesses, however, frequently fail to provide data on the rural context and its potential relationship to small business, taking for granted presumed attributes and adverse effects. To develop a better understanding of a rural setting's importance, this research investigated effects of rural geo-demographic and socio-cultural features on 76 small businesses. Results demonstrate that rural geo-demography adversely affects marketability of products and services although there is little adversity for small businesses due to constrained resources (financing, technology, and transportation) or labor issues. Business owners manage their businesses consistent with rural socio-cultural values by relying on strong social ties and word of mouth reputation. However, women-owned businesses experience little adversity due to gender stereotypes. The rural setting considered in the study has varying implications for different types of businesses and for business owners according to how long they have lived in the community. Its effects are neither adverse in all respects nor universal for all small businesses.

Does rural location matter? the significance of a rural setting for small businesses

India lives in its villages, nearly 73 % of the total population live in rural areas where agriculture and allied activities are the main stay of their lives. The economic development of our country largely depends on the development of rural areas and the standard of living of its rural mass. Rural entrepreneur is one of the most important inputs in the economic development of a country and of regions within the country. Rural entrepreneur uses the scarce resources in the most efficient manner thereby increasing profits and decreasing costs. Due to lack of education, majority of rural people are unaware of technological development, marketing etc. Shortage of finance and raw materials are main problems face by rural entrepreneurs. Most of the rural entrepreneurs face peculiar problems like illiteracy, fear of risk, lack of training and experience, limited purchasing power and competition from urban entrepreneurs. Promotion of rural entrepreneurship is a key to develop rural areas and backward towns. This paper focuses on the identification of various problems associated with rural entrepreneurship. Suitable cures have also been discussed to overcome these problems.

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Problems Faced By Rural Entrepreneurs and Remedies to Solve It

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of governmental support policies and socio-cultural influences on female entrepreneurship in rural Vietnam. As such, the study addresses an important literature gap concerning female entrepreneurship within rural communities in South East Asia. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with six female entrepreneurs and six female non-entrepreneurs in northern Vietnam to examine the influence of various environmental factors on female entrepreneurship in a rural setting. Findings – The results suggest that government pro-entrepreneurship policies, together with private sector interventions, have had an impact on rural Vietnam. Yet females in rural and remote Vietnam are still constrained by societal prejudices, financial limitations, and limited entrepreneurship educational opportunities. Originality/value – The paper's originality lies in its review of the circumstances confronting women in rural Vietnam and i...

Female entrepreneurship in rural Vietnam: an exploratory study

The topic of this paper seems rather simple at first glance; however, it is anything but simple. The issue, entrepreneurship and low-income (LI) communities, must be put into perspective, and that is not simple. So let us start with a simple question: Does entrepreneurship impact communities in general, and, if so, how? Over the years, the literature has given three answers to this question— job creation, innovation, and economic growth—each with supporters and detractors. By studying the opposing issues for three decades, we have learned that job creation takes place in firms of all sizes create jobs; in some industries, small firms have the advantage in innovation, and new-firm formation seems to lead to economic growth. While this statement can be debated, it seems to be a reasonable summary of my research and its findings over the past three decades. What about the role of entrepreneurship in LI, or poor communities? And what do we mean by an ‘‘LI’’ community? Do we mean a developing country; a poor, rural community; or a pocket of poverty in a rich country? A poor country probably needs capital accumulation, education, foreign investment, and building of a supportive institutional environment for entrepreneurship (Deininger, 2003; Hallberg, 2000; Klein and Hadjimichael, 2003; Smith, 2000). All of this would mean declining rates of self-employment. If by ‘‘LI’’ we mean pockets of poverty in a rich country, then the immediate question is about who the entrepreneur will be—rich people in poor communities, or the poor—and how will entrepreneurship would help them? If we are interested in cities, then we have a lot of literature upon which to draw. This paper limits the discussion of the role of entrepreneurship to LI areas in developed countries. We define entrepreneurship as new-firm formation; the classic Schumpeterian connotation of the term with innovativeness is abandoned in this paper. Hence, the formation of new smalland medium-size

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/24928/1/525336176.pdf

State of Literature on Small- to Medium-Sized Enterprises and Entrepreneurship in Low-Income Communities

The changing structure of traditional rural industries and the impacts of those changes on rural communities have been sources of concern to many groups interested in the welfare of rural areas. Income and employment declines in agriculture, other natural resourcebased industries, and in manufacturing have left few rural areas and sectors of the rural economy untouched (Henry, Drabenstott, and Gibson; Drabenstott, Henry, and Gibson). Additional employment opportunities are needed to utilize labor and management resources in rural areas. As a result, there is increasing interest in the potential for rural entrepreneurs to start new businesses and generate economic activity. Most new rural businesses are expected to be small, and many may be started by persons employed in farming or other traditional rural occupations on a part-time or full-time basis. Unfortunately, the failure rate of new, small businesses is high. Information about factors contributing to successful entrepreneurship may reduce failures and costs for those who would be entrepreneurs. More needs to be known about the personal traits and behavior patterns associated with successful entrepreneurs, about the influence of community institutions on the success rate of entrepreneurs, about the types of business that are sustainable in rural areas, and about the potential of entrepreneurs to make rural communities viable.

Rural Entrepreneurship: One Key to Rural Revitalization

Beyond Amber Waves of Grain: An Examination of Social and Economic Restructuring in the Heartland.@@@Investing in People: The Human Capital Needs of Rural America.

Part 1 From concept to reality: human capital in rural America - a theoretical perspective, Lionel J. Beaulieu and David Mulkey the current status of human capital in the rural U.S., Molly Sizer Killian and L.J. Beaulieu. Part 2 Forces shaping the future of rural America: economic forces shaping the future of rural America, Glen C. Pulver social forces shaping the nature of rural America, Kenneth P. Wilkinson paradigm gridlock and the two faces of technlogy, Drew Hyman, et al. Part 3 Aspects of human resources conditions across rural America: human capital and rural poverty, Peggy J. Ross and Elizabeth S. Morrissey the educational attainments of American Indians, C. Matthew Snipp down and out in rural America - the status of blacks and hispanics in the 1980s, Thomas A. Lyson gender differences in human capital in rural America, Jill L. Findeis adapting to economic change - the case of displaced workers, Paul Swaim migration and the loss of human resources in rural America, Daniel T. Lichter, et al. Part 4 Strategies for strengthening the human capital resources of rural America: capacity building - re-examining the role of the rural school, Daryl Hobbs the influence of health and health care on rural economic development, W. Bruce Vogel and Raymond T. Coward family and household effects on the educational attainment of young adults, DeeAnn Wenk and Constance L. Hardesty the labor market and human capital investment, Judith I. Stallman, et al studying the disaffected community - lessons for human resource enhancement, A.E. Luloff and Louis E. Sanson, Jr strengthening the human resources of rural America - towards an integrated strategy, D. Mulkey and L.J. Beaulieu.

David Mulkey

Papers

Rural Entrepreneurship: One Key to Rural Revitalization

Beyond Amber Waves of Grain: An Examination of Social and Economic Restructuring in the Heartland.@@@Investing in People: The Human Capital Needs of Rural America.

Investing in People: The Human Capital Needs of Rural America. Rural Studies Series.

An Assessment of Community Forces and Agricultural Change