We concentrate in this review on the fundamentals of low-noise techniques and on understanding the limits in the charge signal measurements. Charge collection and signal formation in detectors, the origin and properties of noise, noise and amplification of charge, and detectors and signal processing are discussed. (AIP)

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Low-noise techniques in detectors

▪ Abstract We provide an overview of the present understanding of the transition from hadrons to a quark-gluon plasma, its signatures, and the experimental results so far. We discuss results of numerical simulations of the lattice gauge theory and critically evaluate the various observables that have been proposed as signatures of the QCD phase transition. We place the existing data from relativistic heavy-ion experiments at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) into perspective and provide an overview of the techniques and strategies that will be employed in the search for the quark-gluon plasma at heavy-ion colliders, such as the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

http://cds.cern.ch/record/295684/files/9602235.pdf

The search for the quark-gluon plasma

The T2K experiment is designed to study neutrino oscillation properties by directing a high intensity neutrino beam produced at J-PARC in Tokai, Japan, towards the large Super-Kamiokande detector located 295 km away, in Kamioka, Japan. The experiment includes a sophisticated near detector complex, 280 m downstream of the neutrino production target in order to measure the properties of the neutrino beam and to better understand neutrino interactions at the energy scale below a few GeV. A key element of the near detectors is the ND280 tracker, consisting of two active scintillator–bar target systems surrounded by three large time projection chambers (TPCs) for charged particle tracking. The data collected with the tracker are used to study charged current neutrino interaction rates and kinematics prior to oscillation, in order to reduce uncertainties in the oscillation measurements by the far detector. The tracker is surrounded by the former UA1/NOMAD dipole magnet and the TPCs measure the charges, momenta, and particle types of charged particles passing through them. Novel features of the TPC design include its rectangular box layout constructed from composite panels, the use of bulk micromegas detectors for gas amplification, electronics readout based on a new ASIC, and a photoelectron calibration system. This paper describes the design and construction of the TPCs, the micromegas modules, the readout electronics, the gas handling system, and shows the performance of the TPCs as deduced from measurements with particle beams, cosmic rays, and the calibration system.

/pdf/time-projection-chambers-for-the-t2k-near-detectors-ovu2tu4drp.pdf

Time Projection Chambers for the T2K Near Detectors

/pdf/passage-of-particles-through-matter-406ovz2cxq.pdf

Passage of particles through matter

1 Introduction 2 Electromagnetic interactions of charged particles with matter 3 Interactions of photons and neutrons with matter 4 Drift and diffusion of charges in gases 5 Collisional excitations and charge multiplication in uniform fields 6 Parallel plate counters 7 Proportional counters 8 Multiwire proportional chambers 9 Drift chambers 10 Time projection chambers 11 Multitube arrays 12 Resistive plate chambers 13 Micro-pattern gas detectors 14 Cherenkov ring imaging 15 Miscellaneous detectors and applications 16 Time degeneracy and aging Further reading References Index

Gaseous Radiation Detectors: Fundamentals and Applications

Progress in experimental high‐energy physics is limited in practice by two complementary aspects: the types of beam particles available with useful intensities and energies, and the characteristics of the detection techniques available for measuring needed information about collisions of interest and their subsequent reaction products. Most impressively, advances in accelerator design over the last three decades have led to an increase in beam energies of nearly three orders of magnitude, and the advent of colliding‐beam machines has brought a comparable increase to the center‐of‐mass energy available. The diversity of useful beam species has now grown to include essentially all known particles with lifetimes greater than 10 −11 seconds . By combining the particle‐identification function in the same detector volume as the tracking and momentum‐measurement functions, this device achieves substantial reduction in overall size.

https://escholarship.org/content/qt6w36n25j/qt6w36n25j.pdf?t=p21nmy

The time projection chamber

Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics

The SSC's End: What Happened? and What Now?

An advanced particle detector for the study of ultrahigh-energy collisions of positrons and electro…

David R. Nygren

Papers

The time projection chamber

Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics

The SSC's End: What Happened? and What Now?

Time-projection chamber