L’auteur essaie de demontrer qu’il n’existe pas d’identite africaine que l’on peut designer par un seul terme ou ranger sous une seule rubrique. L’identite africaine n’existe que comme substance. Elle se constitue, a travers une serie de pratiques, notamment de pratiques de pouvoir et du soi, ce que Michel Foucault, appelle les jeux de verite, Ni les formes de cette identite, ni ses idiomes ne sont toujours semblables a eux meme. Ces formes sont mobiles, reversibles et instables. Par consequent, elles ne peuvent etre reduites a un ordre purement biologique base sur le sang, la race, ou la geographie. Elles ne peuvent non plus etre reduites a la tradition, dans la mesure ou celle-ci est constamment reinventee.

https://calternatives.org/resource/pdf/African%20Modes%20of%20Self-Writing.pdf

African modes of self-writing

This history of African slavery from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries examines how indigenous African slavery developed within an international context. Paul E. Lovejoy discusses the medieval Islamic slave trade and the Atlantic trade as well as the enslavement process and the marketing of slaves. He considers the impact of European abolition and assesses slavery's role in African history. The book corrects the accepted interpretation that African slavery was mild and resulted in the slaves' assimilation. Instead, slaves were used extensively in production, although the exploitation methods and the relationships to world markets differed from those in the Americas. Nevertheless, slavery in Africa, like slavery in the Americas, developed from its position on the periphery of capitalist Europe. This new edition revises all statistical material on the slave trade demography and incorporates recent research and an updated bibliography.

P. E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa

The book provids an account of world trade and development over the course of the last millennium. Authors examine the successive waves of globalization and "deglobalization" that have occurred during the past thousand years, looking closely at the technological and political causes behind these long-term trends. They show how the expansion and contraction of the world economy has been directly tied to the two-way interplay of trade and geopolitics, and how war and peace have been critical determinants of international trade over the very long run. The story they tell is sweeping in scope, one that links the emergence of the Western economies with economic and political developments throughout Eurasia centuries ago. Drawing extensively upon empirical evidence and informing their systematic analysis with insights from contemporary economic theory, Findlay and O'Rourke demonstrate the close interrelationships of trade and warfare, the mutual interdependence of the world's different regions, and the crucial role these factors have played in explaining modern economic growth.

/pdf/power-and-plenty-trade-war-and-the-world-economy-in-the-3yvh9hj000.pdf

Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium

The term globalization as used by social scientists and in popular discourse has many meanings. We contend that it is important to distinguish between globalization as a contemporary political ideology and what we call structural globalization - the increasing worldwide density of large-scale interaction networks relative to the density of smaller networks. We study one type of economic globalization over the past two centuries: the trajectory of international trade as a proportion of global production. Is trade globalization a recent phenomenon, a long-term upward trend, or a cyclical process? Using an improved measure of trade globalization, we find that there have been three waves since 1795. We discuss the possible causes of these pulsations of global integration and their implications for the early decades of the twenty-first century

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2657290.pdf

Trade globalization since 1795 : Waves of integration in the world-system

Preface Introduction 1 Encounters 2 Rice Origins and Indigenous Knowledge 3 Out of Africa: Rice Culture and African Continuities 4 This Was "Woman's Wuck" 5 African Rice and the Atlantic World 6 Legacies Notes References Index

Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas

ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age

1. Dependence, servility and coerced labor in time and space David Eltis and Stanley L. Engerman Part I. Slavery in Africa and Asia Minor: 2. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire in the early modern era Ehud R. Toledano 3. Slavery in Islamic Africa Rudolph T. Ware III 4. Slavery in non-Islamic West Africa, 1420-1820 G. Ugo Nwokeji 5. Slaving and resistance to slaving in west central Africa Roquinaldo Ferreira 6. White slavery in the early modern era William G. Clarence-Smith and David Eltis Part II. Slavery in Asia: 7. Slavery in Southeast Asia, 1420-1804 Kerry Ward 8. Slavery in early modern China Pamela Kyle Crossley Part III. Slavery among the Indigenous Americans: 9. Slavery in indigenous North America Leland Donald 10. Indigenous slavery in South America, 1492-1820 Neil L. Whitehead Part IV. Slavery and Serfdom in Eastern Europe: 11. Slavery and the rise of serfdom in Russia Richard Hellie 12. Manorialism and rural subjection in east central Europe, 1500-1800 Edgar Melton Part V. Slavery in the Americas: 13. Slavery in the Atlantic islands and the early modern Spanish Atlantic world William D. Phillips, Jr 14. Slavery and politics in colonial Portuguese America: the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries Joao Fragoso and Ana Rios 15. Slavery in the British Caribbean Philip D. Morgan 16. Slavery on the colonial North American mainland Lorena S. Walsh 17. Slavery in the French Caribbean, 1635-1804 Laurent Dubois 18. Slavery and the slave trade of the minor Atlantic powers Pieter Emmer Part VI. Cultural and Demographic Patterns in the Americas: 19. Demography and family structures B. W. Higman 20. The concept of creolization Richard Price 21. Black women in the early Americas Betty Wood Part VII. Legal Structures, Economics and the Movement of Coerced Peoples in the Atlantic World: 22. Involuntary migration in the early modern world, 1500-1800 David Richardson 23. Slavery, freedom and the law in the Atlantic world, 1420-1807 Sue Peabody 24. European forced labor in the early modern era Timothy Coates 25. Transatlantic slavery and economic development in the Atlantic world: West Africa, 1450-1850 Joseph E. Inikori Part VIII. Slavery and Resistance: 26. Slave worker rebellions and revolution in the Americas to 1804 Mary Turner 27. Runaways and quilombolas in the Americas Manolo Florentino and Marcia Amantino.

The Cambridge world history of slavery

Between 1501 and 1867, the transatlantic slave trade claimed an estimated 12.5 million Africans and involved almost every country with an Atlantic coastline. In this extraordinary book, two leading historians have created the first comprehensive, up-to-date atlas on this 350-year history of kidnapping and coercion. It features nearly 200 maps, especially created for the volume, that explore every detail of the African slave traffic to the New World. The atlas is based on an online database (www.slavevoyages.org) with records on nearly 35,000 slaving voyages - roughly 80 percent of all such voyages ever made. Using maps, David Eltis and David Richardson show which nations participated in the slave trade, where the ships involved were outfitted, where the captives boarded ship, and where they were landed in the Americas, as well as the experience of the transatlantic voyage and the geographic dimensions of the eventual abolition of the traffic. Accompanying the maps are illustrations and contemporary literary selections, including poems, letters, and diary entries, intended to enhance readers understanding of the human story underlying the trade from its inception to its end. This groundbreaking work provides the fullest possible picture of the extent and inhumanity of one of the largest forced migrations in history.

/pdf/atlas-of-the-transatlantic-slave-trade-2r2lw7xlgo.pdf

Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade

Since 1999, intensive research efforts have vastly increased what is known about the history of coerced migration of transatlantic slaves. A huge database of slave trade voyages from Columbus's era to the mid-nineteenth century is now available on an open-access Web site, incorporating newly discovered information from archives around the Atlantic world. The groundbreaking essays in this book draw on these new data to explore fundamental questions about the trade in African slaves. The research findings--that the size of the slave trade was 14 percent greater than had been estimated, that trade above and below the equator was largely separate, that ports sending out the most slave voyages were not in Europe but in Brazil, and more--challenge accepted understandings of transatlantic slavery and suggest a variety of new directions for important further research. For the most complete database on slave trade voyages ever compiled, visit www.slavevoyages.org.

/pdf/extending-the-frontiers-essays-on-the-new-transatlantic-6nhdmiz847.pdf

Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database

organization studies, and business history.2 Despite the scepticism of some-that networks are exceptional or transient phenomena, a sign of market failure in young economies-it is now widely argued that networks are an integral part of economic activity, which is moulded by social, cultural, and political influences as well as by market mechanisms.3 Some authors have made a useful distinction between the everyday personal relationships within a group-the activity of networking itself-and the 'institutional arrangements' which are produced by this activity, including custom and contractual devices designed to discourage malfeasance.4 Moral attitudes and value systems shared by members of a network, as well as rules and regulations, can reduce the risk, and therefore also the cost, of commercial transactions. Few economic actors rely solely on either institutional arrangements or a generalized morality to guard against the risk of opportunism, free riding, or cheating. Instead they prefer to deal with individuals of known repute and to base their decisions to trade on information about reputation from reliable sources, and on their own past dealings with the same individuals. However, the greater the level of trust, the greater the potential gain from malfeasance. Thus, institutional arrangements for contract enforcement are seldom dispensed with entirely.5 In general terms it can be said that business networking

David Richardson

Papers

ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age

The Cambridge world history of slavery

Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade

Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database

Business Networking in the Industrial Revolution