Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, receiving, by a feed point of a dielectric antenna, electromagnetic waves from a dielectric core coupled to the feed point without an electrical return path, where at least a portion of the dielectric antenna comprises a conductive surface, directing, by the feed point, the electromagnetic waves to a proximal portion of the dielectric antenna, and radiating, via an aperture of the dielectric antenna, a wireless signal responsive to the electromagnetic waves being received at the aperture. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Method and apparatus for coupling an antenna to a device

A distributed antenna and backhaul system provide network connectivity for a small cell deployment. Rather than building new structures, and installing additional fiber and cable, embodiments described herein disclose using high-bandwidth, millimeter-wave communications and existing power line infrastructure. Above ground backhaul connections via power lines and line-of-sight millimeter-wave band signals as well as underground backhaul connections via buried electrical conduits can provide connectivity to the distributed base stations. An overhead millimeter-wave system can also be used to provide backhaul connectivity. Modules can be placed onto existing infrastructure, such as streetlights and utility poles, and the modules can contain base stations and antennas to transmit the millimeter-waves to and from other modules.

Backhaul link for distributed antenna system

A distributed antenna system is provided that frequency shifts the output of one or more microcells to a 60 GHz or higher frequency range for transmission to a set of distributed antennas. The cellular band outputs of these microcell base station devices are used to modulate a 60 GHz (or higher) carrier wave, yielding a group of subcarriers on the 60 GHz carrier wave. This group will then be transmitted in the air via analog microwave RF unit, after which it can be repeated or radiated to the surrounding area. The repeaters amplify the signal and resend it on the air again toward the next repeater. In places where a microcell is required, the 60 GHz signal is shifted in frequency back to its original frequency (e.g., the 1.9 GHz cellular band) and radiated locally to nearby mobile devices.

Remote distributed antenna system

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a device that facilitates transmitting electromagnetic waves along a surface of a wire that facilitates delivery of electric energy to devices, and sensing a condition that is adverse to the electromagnetic waves propagating along the surface of the wire. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Method and apparatus for sensing a condition in a transmission medium of electromagnetic waves

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a system for detecting a fault in a first wire of a power grid that affects a transmission or reception of electromagnetic waves that transport data and that propagate along a surface of the first wire, selecting a backup communication medium from one or more backup communication mediums according to one or more selection criteria, and redirecting the data to the backup communication medium to circumvent the fault. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Method and apparatus that provides fault tolerance in a communication network

The present invention embraces a single-mode optical fiber that, at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers, has bending losses of 0.15 dB/turn or less for a radius of curvature of 5 millimeters.

Bend-insensitive single-mode optical fiber

A dispersion-shifted optical fiber (NZDSF) includes a central core (r 1 , Dn 1 ), an inner cladding having at least three zones with a first intermediate cladding zone (r 2 , Dn 2 ), a second ring zone (r 3 , Dn 3 ) and a third buried trench zone (W tr , Dn t ) The buried trench zone has an index difference (Dn t ) with the optical cladding between −5·10 −3 and −15·10 −3 and has a width (W tr ) between 25 μm and 55 μm The present optical fiber, at a wavelength of 1550 nm, has reduced Rayleigh scattering losses of less than 0164 dB/km, with limited bending losses

Dispersion shifted optical fiber

The invention provides a monomode optical fiber having, at a wavelength of 1550 nm: an effective section area greater than or equal to 60 μm 2 ; chromatic dispersion close to 8 ps/(nm.km); a chromatic dispersion slope of absolute value less than 0.07 ps/(nm 2 .km). In the range of wavelengths used in a WDM transmission system, typically 1530 nm to 1620 nm, the fiber has chromatic dispersions greater than 7 ps/(nm.km), thereby making it possible to limit non-linear effects. The invention also provides a WDM optical fiber transmission system using such a fiber as a line fiber. The small slope of its chromatic dispersion is an advantage in such a system.

Line fiber for WDM optical fiber transmission systems

A single-mode optical fiber includes a central core, an intermediate cladding, a depressed trench, and an external optical cladding. The central core has a radius r 1 and a positive refractive index difference Δn 1 with the optical cladding. The intermediate cladding has a radius r 2 and a positive refractive index difference Δn 2 with the optical cladding, wherein Δn 2 is less than Δn 1 . The depressed trench has a radius r 3 and a negative index difference Δn 3 with the optical cladding. At a wavelength of 1310 nanometers, the optical fiber has a mode field diameter (MFD) between 8.6 microns and 9.5 microns and, at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers, the optical fiber has bending losses less than about 0.25×10 −3 dB/turn for a radius of curvature of 15 millimeters. At a wavelength of 1260 nanometers, attenuation of the LP11 mode to 19.3 dB is achieved over less than 90 meters of fiber.

Single-mode optical fiber having reduced bending losses

An optical fiber in which propagation is monomode propagation when incorporated into a cable has, at a wavelength of 1 550 nm, a chromatic dispersion from 3 ps/(nm.km) to 14 ps/(nm.km) and an absolute value of chromatic dispersion slope less than 0.014 ps/(nm2.km), and, at a wavelength of 1 625 nm, bending losses measured for a 10 mm radius less than 400 dB/m. The proposed criteria allow use of the fiber over a wide band of wavelengths in a wavelength division multiplex transmission system. The low chromatic dispersion slope simplifies the management of chromatic dispersion in the transmission system.

De Montmorillon Louis-Anne

Papers

Bend-insensitive single-mode optical fiber

Dispersion shifted optical fiber

Line fiber for WDM optical fiber transmission systems

Single-mode optical fiber having reduced bending losses

Optical fiber for a wavelength division multiplex transmission system