Structural decomposition analysis applied to energy and emissions: Some methodological developments

This review captures the synthesis, assembly, properties, and applications of copper chalcogenide NCs, which have achieved significant research interest in the last decade due to their compositional and structural versatility. The outstanding functional properties of these materials stems from the relationship between their band structure and defect concentration, including charge carrier concentration and electronic conductivity character, which consequently affects their optoelectronic, optical, and plasmonic properties. This, combined with several metastable crystal phases and stoichiometries and the low energy of formation of defects, makes the reproducible synthesis of these materials, with tunable parameters, remarkable. Further to this, the review captures the progress of the hierarchical assembly of these NCs, which bridges the link between their discrete and collective properties. Their ubiquitous application set has cross-cut energy conversion (photovoltaics, photocatalysis, thermoelectrics), en...

Compound Copper Chalcogenide Nanocrystals

https://blogs.epfl.ch/xun.liao/documents/Sangwon%20Suh.%202005.%20Methods%20for%20Life%20Cycle%20Inventory%20of%20a%20product.pdf

Methods for Life Cycle Inventory of a product

This book combines a critical analysis of the organizational and employment context of workplace learning with an understanding of theories of learning. It brings new ideas on workplace learning to the readers and an understanding of the social context of the workplace. Combining the latest research findings with practical examples of the issues raised, it is illustrated with case studies and critical vignettes as well as chapter summaries, guiding students the subject. Chapters are grouped under four main themes: 'The context of workplace learning', 'The workplace as a learning environment', 'Skills, knowledge and the workplace' and 'Research and policy'. With international contributors offering a global perspective, this encourages students to be critical when evaluating the important debates in the area.

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Workplace learning in context

CO2 emissions, energy consumption, trade and income: a comparative analysis of China and India

The United Nations System of National Accounts includes an input or "use" table U = (uij) of commodities i consumed by industries j and an output or "make" table V (vj) of industries producing commodities]. This paper is on the construction of an input-output or " requirements" table A = (aij) of commodities i for commodities]. The established constructs are criticised. The current favourite, the industry technology model, is rejected on the ground that the choice of base year prices affects the results in more than a scaling fashion. The paper presents an alternative to the existing constructs which cancels out the shortcomings and amounts to a rich representation of technology. THE United Nations (1967) System of National Accounts includes an input or "use" table U = (u1J) of commodities i consumed by industries j and an output or "make" table V = (Vij) of industries i producing commoditiesj. This paper is on the construction of an input-output or "requirements" table A = (aij) of commodities i for commodities j. (Industry tables and mixed tables are not considered.) Section I reviews the established constructs. Section II evaluates them. Special attention is given to the so-called industry technology model which is now used by the United States (1980). Section III derives a new construction of a requirements table. Section IV applies the analysis. For convenience we have chosen the well organized tables of Canada (1981) for our experiment. Section V discusses the results. Section VI concludes the paper. 1. The Established Constructs The established constructs are the commodity technology model, the by-product technology model, the industry technology model, and the mixed technology model of Gigantes (1970). Some notation facilitates the presentation of these models. e denotes the unit colunm vector. ' denotes transposition. denotes diagonalization either by suppression of the off-diagonal elements of a square matrix or by placement of the elements of a vector. denotes off-diagonalization by suppression of the diagonal elements of a square matrix. (Thus for a square matrix, A = A + A.) The commodity technology model (C) rests on the assumption that each commodity has its own input structure. Industries are independent combinations of outputs j with their input structures (ac), i = 1,..., n. Thus, industry j needs for the production of Vik units of output k an amount a,v1k of input i. Summing over outputs k yields industry j's total demand for input i: uij= EkaikVjk. Hence U = ACV'. Thus the commodity technology requirements table is given by Ac = UV'-'. Note that existence may be guaranteed only if the number of commodities equals the number of industries. The by-product technology model (B) rests on the by-product assumption that each industry produces outputs in a fixed proportion. All secondary products are by-products and therefore can be treated as negative inputs, yielding net input structures (a/B), i = 1,..., n for the primary outputsj. Thus, industry j needs for the production of Vjj units of its primary output a net amount ui1 vJj =a,Bvjj of commodity i. Hence U= ABV. Thus the by-product technology requirements table is given byAB = (U V')V -1. Note that again existence may be guaranteed only if the number of commodities equals the number of industries. The industry technology model (I) rests on two assumptions. One is the industry technology assumption that each industry j has the same input requirements for any unit of output. Here output is measured in value. The other assumption is that of fixed commodity market shares of industries. Thus, industry k needs uik/lIVkl of input i per unit of output-in particular for commodity j-and its market share Vkj/lIVIj is fixed. Taking the (market share) weighted average over industries k yields the amount of input i required for Received for publication September 17, 1981. Revision accepted for publication April 6, 1983. * New York University and Erasmus University; Jadavpur University; and New York University, respectively. The application of the analysis was suggested by Wassily Leontief to the authors when they were at the Institute for Economic Analysis, New York. A first version of the paper was presented at the Seventeenth General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth held at Chateau de Montvillarg&re, Gouvieux, France, August 16-22, 1981. The authors are grateful to Kishori Lal, Jean H. P. Paelinck, Ashok Parikh, and an anonymous referee for valuable comments, to Henk Gravesteijn and Jimmy Younkins for computational assistance, and to the Sloan Foundation for financial support.

An Alternative Treatment of Secondary Products in Input-Output Analysis

The global energy crisis in the 1970s and early 1980s had adverse economic impacts in all oil-importing countries, including India. The objective of the present paper is to analyze energy consumption changes that have taken place in the Indian economy during 1973174 to 1983184 and 1983184 to 1991192, and the factors responsible for these changes. We develop a structural decomposition analysis in which the energy consumption changes are the result of the following six different factors: technical changes; changes in the final demand structure; changes in the interaction term of technical changes and final demand structure; changes in energy exports; changes in energy imports; changes in energy change in stock. Then, we separate the technical changes and final demand structure again, which identifies explicitly the effects of energy consumption.

India's Energy Consumption Changes during 1973/74 to 1991/92

http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1209/2/economics_v1.pdf

Economic Development Review

The present paper aims at testing both hypotheses, PHH and FEH, for India’s trade with the rest of the world and the European Union (15) during the 1990s when radical economic reforms were introduced. The input-output method is used and suitably modified to test both the hypotheses considering three pollutants, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide (CO 2 , SO 2 and NO x ). It is clear from the results that import-related pollution is much greater than the export-related pollution for India. The findings of the present work challenge the pollution haven hypothesis, arguing that liberalization of trade policy in India has not been associated with pollution-intensive industrial development. On the other hand, the study supports the factor

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Is liberalization of trade good for the environment? evidence from india

This article aims at contributing to environment trade debate by evaluating the impacts of international trade on emissions of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides for the Indian economy during 90s using Input-Output techniques. The article has constructed an index of pollution terms of trade. Using the Input-Output table of 1991–92 and 1996–97 for India we have computed pollution terms of trade for the content of CO2, SO2, and NO x . Results show that the indices are below 100, indicating that India produces goods that are more environment friendly than goods it imports, thus challenging the pollution haven hypothesis for India. The article has also offered explanations for these results.

Debesh Chakraborty

Papers

An Alternative Treatment of Secondary Products in Input-Output Analysis

India's Energy Consumption Changes during 1973/74 to 1991/92

Economic Development Review

Is liberalization of trade good for the environment? evidence from india

Environmental impacts of trade in india