ContextPrevalence of obesity in the United States has increased dramatically
in recent decades, but the magnitude of change in cardiovascular disease (CVD)
risk factors among the growing proportion of overweight and obese Americans
remains unknown.ObjectiveTo examine 40-year trends in CVD risk factors by body mass index (BMI)
groups among US adults aged 20 to 74 years.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsAnalysis of 5 cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys: National
Health Examination Survey (1960-1962); National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES) I (1971-1975), II (1976-1980), and III (1988-1994); and NHANES
1999-2000.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence of high cholesterol level (≥240 mg/dL [≥6.2 mmol/L]
regardless of treatment), high blood pressure (≥140/90 mm Hg regardless
of treatment), current smoking, and total diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed
combined) according to BMI group (lean, <25; overweight, 25-29; and obese,
≥30).ResultsThe prevalence of all risk factors except diabetes decreased over time
across all BMI groups, with the greatest reductions observed among overweight
and obese groups. Compared with obese persons in 1960-1962, obese persons
in 1999-2000 had a 21-percentage-point lower prevalence of high cholesterol
level (39% in 1960-1962 vs 18% in 1999-2000), an 18-percentage-point lower
prevalence of high blood pressure (from 42% to 24%), and a 12-percentage-point
lower smoking prevalence (from 32% to 20%). Survey × BMI group interaction
terms indicated that compared with the first survey, the prevalence of high
cholesterol in the fifth survey had fallen more in obese and overweight persons
than in lean persons (P<.05). Survey × BMI
changes in blood pressure and smoking were not statistically significant.
Changes in risk factors were accompanied by increases in lipid-lowering and
antihypertensive medication use, particularly among obese persons. Total diabetes
prevalence was stable within BMI groups over time, as nonsignificant 1- to
2-percentage-point increases occurred between 1976-1980 and 1999-2000.ConclusionsExcept for diabetes, CVD risk factors have declined considerably over
the past 40 years in all BMI groups. Although obese persons still have higher
risk factor levels than lean persons, the levels of these risk factors are
much lower than in previous decades.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/200730/JOC50016.pdf

Secular trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors according to body mass index in US adults.

From the Publisher:
Well-designed graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for business systems can greatly increase user productivity, but designing them can be difficult and time consuming This book walks developers through the basics of good interface design, using real-world examples from systems that are proven successes
* Galitz is an internationally recognized consultant, author, and instructor with many years of experience with information systems and user interface design
* Written especially for developers who may be designing user interfaces for the first time, but also extremely useful for any developer involved in GUI or Web site design
* Revised to reflect the profound enhancements in interface design, specifically how Web page design has revolutionized interface design
* New information covers a variety of platforms, both traditional and Web-based

The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques

In this innovative book, Scott Ambler reviews how to: 1. Model on an XP project without detracting from its fast-moving and agile software development approach. 2. Simplify the modeling disciplines/workflows of the UP without losing any of the true benefits of those disciplines. 3. Use modeling to explore an issue or to facilitate communication. 4. Effectively apply the UML, and extend it with other methodologies, to meet your real-world development needs. 5. Reduce the documentation burden on your project by writing agile documents. 6. Use simple modeling tools, such as index cards and whiteboards, and know when to use complex CASE tools. 7. Rethink your approach to work areas, modeling teams, and modeling sessions.

Agile modeling: effective practices for extreme programming and the unified process

https://www.marketingcenter.de/sites/mcm/files/downloads/research/lmm/literature/labrecque_2013_jim_consumer_power_evolution_in_the_digital_age.pdf

Consumer Power: Evolution in the Digital Age

The purpose of this tutorial is to provide a lifecycle of practical usability tasks and techniques for structuring the process of designing good user interfaces to either traditional software applications or Web pages and applets. The tutorial presents techniques which can be applied at different points in a typical product development lifecycle. Techniques presented include not only requirements analysis, design and testing techniques, but also organizational and managerial strategies.

The Usability Engineering Lifecycle

1. Introduction. 2. The User Profile. 3. Conceptual Models. 4. Dialog Styles: Menus. 5. Dialog Styles: Fill-In Forms. 6. Dialog Styles: Question and Answer. 7. Dialog Styles: Command Languages. 8. Dialog Styles: Function Keys. 9. Dialog Styles: Direct Manipulation. 10. Dialog Styles: Natural Language. 11. Dialog Styles: Summary. 12. Input and Output Devices. 13. Organization and Functionality. 14. Screen Layout and Design. 15. Response Time. 16. Error Handling. 17. User Documentation. 18. Summary and Conclusions.

Deborah J. Mayhew

Papers

Principles and Guidelines in Software User Interface Design