Enzymes are known to catalyze reactions at high efficiency, operate at milder conditions and are biodegradable. Due to enzyme limitations such as sensitivity to environmental conditions, enzyme immobilization is often used. The commonly employed immobilization methods include adsorption, entrapment, covalent attachment and cross-linking. Many research works have now focused on the immobilization of enzymes on nanoscale support due to the higher surface area to volume ratio, effective enzyme loading, significantly enhanced mass transfer efficiency and minimization of diffusional problems. The application of enzyme incorporated nanotechnology in the treatment of dye wastewater is thus, of high interest. Therefore, this paper has critically reviewed (1) the current technologies available for dye wastewater treatment; (2) different methods utilized for enzyme immobilization; and (3) the application and performance of enzyme incorporated nanotechnology for dye wastewater treatment. We identified that there is high potential for enzyme incorporated nanotechnology to be implemented in dye wastewater treatment due to the high decolorization performance (e.g. laccase immobilized on Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles achieved 99% decolorization of Procion Red MX-5B in 20 min). We have also identified the key challenges faced by enzyme incorporated nanotechnology in dye wastewater treatment that includes: (i) realization of lab scale experiments to industrial applications; (ii) lack of understanding of enzymes incorporated nanotechnology; (iii) recovery of immobilized enzyme; (iv) synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers; and (v) sustainability of the nanomaterials used.

Potential and challenges of enzyme incorporated nanotechnology in dye wastewater treatment: A review

This article concisely reviews the most recent contributions to the development of sustainable bio-based polymers with antimicrobial properties. This is because some of the main problems that humanity faces, nowadays and in the future, are climate change and bacterial multi-resistance. Therefore, scientists are trying to provide solutions to these problems. In an attempt to organize these antimicrobial sustainable materials, we have classified them into the main families; i.e., polysaccharides, proteins/polypeptides, polyesters, and polyurethanes. The review then summarizes the most recent antimicrobial aspects of these sustainable materials with antimicrobial performance considering their main potential applications in the biomedical field and in the food industry. Furthermore, their use in other fields, such as water purification and coating technology, is also described. Finally, some concluding remarks will point out the promise of this theme.

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Bio-Based Polymers with Antimicrobial Properties towards Sustainable Development

This review summarizes the main advances published over the last 15 years outlining the different methods of grafting, including reactive extruder systems, surface modification, grafting and graft copolymerization of synthetic and natural polymers with maleic anhydride and its isostructural analogues such as maleimides and maleates, and anhydrides, esters and imides of citraconic and itaconic acids, derivatives of fumaric acid, etc. Special attention is spared to the grafting of conventional and non&conventional synth etic and natural polymers, including biodegradable polymers, mechanism of grafting and graft copolymerization, in situ grafting reactions in melt by reactive extrusion systems, in solutions and solid state (photo& and plasma& induced graftings), and H&bonding effect in the rea ctive blend processing. The structural phenomena, unique properties and application areas of these copolymers and their various modifications and composites as high performance engineering materials have been also described.

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Graft Copolymers of Maleic Anhydride and its Isostructural Analogues: High Performance Engineering Materials

Electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate)/polyaniline fibres as a support for laccase immobilisation and use in dye decolourisation.

Preparation and properties of adhesives based on phenolic resin containing lignin micro and nanoparticles: A comparative study

Today’s society relies heavily on glued wood products for constructions, furniture, and floorings, for example. Essentially, all adhesives on the market are based on fossil-based resources, and many also contain formaldehyde to yield sufficient reactivity and adhesive performance. Formaldehyde is soon to be banned from consumer goods in Europe, due to its carcinogenic and allergenic features. With the rapidly growing societal environmental awareness, it becomes evident that it is crucial to seek greener, more sustainable alternatives. There is nothing new to this idea; on the contrary, prior to the advent of synthetic polymers, a range of biopolymers such as proteins and starch, were successfully used. However, since adhesives based on synthetic polymers were found to perform better, especially regarding the water resistance, the naturally sourced adhesives have had a subordinate role up until recently. The growing interest for using bio-polymers from renewable resources, such as wood/forest, corn, and cereals have spurred significant R&D developments toward the use of bio-polymers in green wood adhesives. The scope of the present chapter is to summarize, in short, some of the most recent scientific literature regarding the development of green adhesives.

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Green Binders for Wood Adhesives

Facile synthesis of novel soluble cellulose-grafted hyperbranched polymers as potential natural antimicrobial materials

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2018/gc/c7gc03401f

New biobased non-ionic hyperbranched polymers as environmentally friendly antibacterial additives for biopolymers

Poly(MA-\textit{alt}-MVE)-$g$-PLA/ODA-MMT nanocomposite was prepared by self-catalytic interlamellar graft copolymerization of L-lactic acid (LA) onto poly(maleic anhydride-\textit{alt}-methyl vinyl ether) copolymer in the presence of octadecyl amine-montmorillonite (ODA-MMT) organoclay. FTIR, $^{1}$H ($^{13}$C) NMR, XRD, and SEM-TEM were utilized for characterizing the resultant nanocomposite. Laccase from \textit{Trametes versicolor} was immobilized onto the prepared nanocomposite by adsorption or covalent coupling. Decolorization of Reactive Red 3 from aqueous solution by laccase immobilized on the nanocomposite was studied in different conditions (pH, temperature, dye concentration, and reaction time) to investigate the decolorization activity with repeated use and storage. The results indicated that more than 77{\%} of the activity of laccase immobilized systems was retained at the end of 10 cycles. The final decolorization capacity of the immobilized laccase was significantly higher (65{\%}) than that of free laccase (33{\%}) in the chosen optimized conditions (pH 5, 20 $^{\circ}$C, 0.05 mg/mL laccase concentration, and 90 min).

/pdf/immobilization-of-laccase-onto-a-porous-nanocomposite-38jhgem1rz.pdf

Deniz Demircan

Papers

Green Binders for Wood Adhesives

Facile synthesis of novel soluble cellulose-grafted hyperbranched polymers as potential natural antimicrobial materials

New biobased non-ionic hyperbranched polymers as environmentally friendly antibacterial additives for biopolymers

Immobilization of laccase onto a porous nanocomposite: application for textile dye degradation

Cellulose-Organic Montmorillonite Nanocomposites as Biomacromolecular Quorum-Sensing Inhibitor