Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.) is an important medicinal plant of India. Leaves, fruits, stem and roots of A. marmelos have been used in ethno medicine to exploit its’ medicinal properties including astringent, antidiarrheal antidysenteric, demulcent, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds purified from bael have been proven to be biologically active against several major diseases including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Preclinical studies indicate the therapeutic potential of crude extracts of A. marmelos in the treatment of many microbial diseases, diabetes and gastric ulcer. This review covers the biological activities of some isolated chemical constituents of A.marmelos and preclinical studies on some crude extracts and pure compounds to explore novel bioactive compounds for therapeutic application.

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Biological activities of crude extracts and chemical constituents of Bael, Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. #

Excessive free radical generation overbalancing the rate of their removal leads to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and other chronic diseases. Antioxidants are compounds that hinder the oxidative processes and thereby delay or suppress oxidative stress. There is a growing interest in natural antioxidants found in plants. Herbs and spices are most important targets to search for natural antioxidants from the point of view of safety. A wide variety of phenolic compounds present in spices that are extensively used as food adjuncts possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and cancer preventive activities. This paper reviews a host of spice compounds as exogenous antioxidants that are experimentally evidenced to control cellular oxidative stress, both in vitro and in vivo, and their beneficial role in preventing or ameliorating oxidative-stress-mediated diseases, from atherosclerosis to diabetes to cataract to cancer. The antioxidative effects of turmeric/curcumin, clove/eugenol, red pepper/capsaicin, black pepper/piperine, ginger/gingerol, garlic, onion, and fenugreek, which have been extensively studied and evidenced as potential antioxidants, are specifically reviewed in this treatise.

Antioxidant Potential of Spices and Their Active Constituents

Eugenol, the major constituent of clove oil, has been widely used for its anesthetic and analgesic action in dentistry. Eugenol exhibits pharmacological effects on almost all systems and our aim is...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1934578X1000501236

Eugenol: a natural compound with versatile pharmacological actions.

Aegle marmelos (linn) Correa commonly known as Bael (or Bel) belonging to the family rutaceae, is a moderate – sized, slender and aromatic tree. A number of chemical constituents and various therapeutic effects of A. marmelos have been reported by different workers. Extensive investigations have been carried out on different parts of A. marmelosand as a consequence, varied classes of compounds Coumarins (Marmelosin, marmesin, imperatorin), alkaloids (Aeglin, aegelenine), Tannins (skimmianine), Carotenoids and seed oils and other miscellaneous compounds have been isolated from this plant. Various phytochemical and biological evaluations have been reported in the literature for the importance of the A. marmelos. So, it has been used in ethnomedicine to exploit its medicinal properties including antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, radioprotective, antihyperlipidaemic, antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral activities. The presented review summarizes the information concerning the botany, ethnopharmacology query, phytochemistry, biological activity and toxicity of A. marmelos plant.

	 

	Key words: Aegle marmelos, phytochemical, biological and ethnopharmacology evaluations, phytochemistry, coumarin, tannins.

https://africaneditors.org/journal/JMPR/full-text-pdf/91551-128840

Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa: A potential source of Phytomedicine

The radioprotective effect of a hydroalcoholic extracted material from the fruit of Aegle marmelos (AME) was studied in mice exposed to different doses of gamma radiation. The optimum dose for radioprotection was determined by administering 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg body weight of AME intraperitoneally (ip) once daily, consecutively for 5 days before exposure to 10 Gy of gamma radiation. A total of 20 mg/kg of AME for 5 consecutive days before irradiation was found to afford maximum protection as evidenced by the highest number of survivors after 30 days postirradiation. Animals from all groups were monitored for 30 days postirradiation for development of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality. Treatment of mice with AME before exposure to different doses of gamma radiation reduced the severity of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality with all exposure doses. This was accompanied by an increase in number of survivors in the AME + irradiation group when compared with the concurrent sterile physiological saline (SPS) + irradiation group. AME pretreatment protected mice against the gastrointestinal as well as bone marrow deaths, as evidenced by the greater number of survivors on day 10 or 30, respectively. LD50/30 was found to be 8.2 Gy for the SPS + irradiation group, while it was 8.8 Gy for AME + irradiation. The dose-reduction factor (DRF) was found to be 1.1 for AME + irradiation group. The acute toxicity study of AME showed that it was nontoxic up to a dose of 6 g/kg body weight, the highest drug dose that could be administered. Irradiation of animals resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney, stomach, and intestine of mice. Conversely, GSH concentration declined in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of animals with AME before irradiation caused a significant decrease in the lipid peroxidation accompanied by a significant elevation in the GSH concentration in liver, kidney, stomach, and intestine of mice determined at 31 days postirradiation.

Fruit Extract of Aegle marmelos Protects Mice Against Radiation-Induced Lethality:

The effect of eugenol on the antioxidant status of the rat intestine after short and long term (15 days and 90 days respectively) oral administration of 1000 mg/kg.b.wt (a dosage which has been reported to be highly hepatoprotective) was studied. The level of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were found to be near normal on eugenol treatment. The level of glutathione (GSH) did not show any change on 15 days of eugenol treatment, but it was increased significantly on 90 day eugenol treatment. The activity of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) was increased significantly in both 15 day eugenol treated and 90-day eugenol treated groups. The results suggest that eugenol is nontoxic, protective and induces glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and thereby it may facilitate the removal of toxic substances from the intestine.

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Devaraj Sn

Papers

Antioxidant effect of eugenol in rat intestine.