Biometric recognition is a challenging research field but suffers from privacy and security concerns. To address this concern, Cancelable Biometrics is suggested in literature in which a Biometric image of a sample is distorted or transformed in such a manner that it becomes difficult to obtain the original Biometric image from the distorted one. Another important characteristic of Cancelable Biometrics is that it can be reissued if compromised. In this research paper, we present a comprehensive survey of more than 120 techniques suggested by various researchers from time to time for Cancelable Biometrics and a novel taxonomy for the same is developed. Further, various performance measures used in Cancelable Biometrics are reviewed and their mathematical formulations are given. Cancelable Biometrics also suffer from various security attacks as given in literature. A review of these security attacks is carried out. We have also performed a review of databases used in literature for nine different Cancelable Biometrics viz. Face, Iris, Speech, Fingerprint, Signature, Palmprint, ECG, Palmvein and Fingervein. Lastly, we have also given future research directions in this field. This study shall be useful for the researchers and practitioners working in this fascinating research area.

Cancelable Biometrics: a comprehensive survey

Biometric systems are widely used now for security applications. Two major problems are encountered in biometric systems: the security problem and the dependence on a single biometric for verification. The security problem arises from the utilization of the original biometrics in databases. So, if these databases are attacked, the biometrics are lost forever. Hence, there is a need to secure original biometrics by keeping them away from utilization in biometric databases. Cancelable biometrics is an emerging security trend in the field of biometric authentication. Cancelable biometric systems depend on the transformation of biometric features into new formats so that users can replace their biometric templates in the same or different systems. In this paper, we present a proposed cancelable face and fingerprint recognition algorithm based on the 3D jigsaw transform and optical encryption. The algorithm adopts the Fractional Fourier Transform (FRFT) in the optical encryption scheme with a single random phase mask. This structure can be implemented all optically with a single lens. The proposed cancelable biometric recognition algorithm employs an optical image encryption scheme that depends on two cascaded stages of 2D-FRFT with separable kernels in both dimensions. The two stages are separated with a random phase mask. A preceding bit plane permutation process is performed on the obtained biometrics prior to the FRFT operation to achieve a high level of security. To validate the proposed algorithm for cancelable biometric recognition, different sets of face and fingerprint images are used. A comparative study is presented between the proposed algorithm and the optical Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE) algorithm. The simulations results obtained for performance evaluation show that the proposed algorithm is safe, reliable, and feasible. It has good encryption and cancelability that reveal good performance.

Cancelable face and fingerprint recognition based on the 3D jigsaw transform and optical encryption

This paper presents a new trend in biometric security systems, which is cancelable multi-biometrics. In general, traditional biometric systems depend on a single biometric for identification. These traditional systems are subject to different types of attacks. In addition, a biometric signature may be lost in hacking scenarios; for example, in the case of intrusion, biometric signatures can be stolen forever. To reduce the risk of losing biometric signatures, the trend of cancelable biometrics has evolved by using either deformed or encrypted versions of biometrics for verification. In this paper, several biometric traits for the same person are treated to obtain a single cancelable template. First, optical scanning holography (OSH) is applied during the acquisition of each biometric. The resulting outputs are then compressed simultaneously to generate a unified template based on the energy compaction property of the discrete cosine transform (DCT). Hence, the OSH is used in the proposed approach as a tool to generate deformed versions of human biometrics in order to get the unified biometric template through DCT compression. With this approach, we guarantee the possibility of using multiple biometrics of the same user to increase security, as well as privacy of the new biometric template through utilization of the OSH. Simulation results prove the robustness of the proposed cancelable multi-biometric approach in noisy environments.

Efficient implementation of optical scanning holography in cancelable biometrics.

In order to guarantee better user-friendliness and higher accuracy, beyond the existing traditional single-factor biometric systems, the multimodal ones appear to be more promising Two or more biometric measurements for the same identity are extracted, stored and compared during the enrollment, authentication and identification processes Deployed multimodal biometric systems also referred to as multibiometrics or even as multimodalities are commonly found and used in electronic chips, embedded in travel documents The widespread use of such systems, the nature of the shared data and the importance of applications introduce privacy risks A significant number of approaches and very recent advances to the relevant protection technologies have been published This paper illustrates a comprehensive overview of research in multibiometrics, the protection of their templates and the privacy issues that arise Up-to-date review of the existing literature revealing the current state-of-art suggestions is provided, based on the different levels of fusion and the employed protection algorithms, while an outlook to future prospects is also discussed

https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/476250/2/Final_Survey_Toli.pdf

A Survey on Multimodal Biometrics and the Protection of their Templates

The use of biometrics in security applications may be vulnerable to several challenges of hacking. Thus, the emergence of cancellable biometrics becomes a suitable solution to this problem. This paper presents a one-way cancellable biometric transform that depends on 3D chaotic maps for face and fingerprint encryption. It aims to avoid cloning of original biometrics and allow the templates used by each user in different applications to be variable. The permutations achieved with the chaotic maps guarantee high security of the biometric templates, especially with the 3D implementation of the encryption algorithm. In addition, the paper presents a hardware implementation for this framework. The proposed algorithm also achieves good performance in the presence of low and moderate levels of noise. An experimental version of the proposed cancellable biometric system has been applied on FPGA model. The obtained results achieve a powerful performance of the proposed cancellable biometric system.

Hardware Implementation of Cancellable Biometric Systems

Biometric template protection techniques like biometric cryptosystems and cancelable biometrics are most widely used in many large-scale biometric systems. Though generic biometric cryptosystems differ from other conventional cryptosystems, still it is insufficient to overcome the challenges ahead of identity frauds and vulnerabilities to major attacks. In recent years it's been used as promising primitives in many Internet of Things (IoT) devices and third party Intellectual Property protections with the name called cancelable biometrics where both user-defined random transformations are combined with biometric template vectors. However, protection over biometric templates (e.g., retina, iris, and palmprint) needs to be improved. In this work, the analysis presents biometric cryptosystems and cancelable biometrics with major outlook to recent prospects like obfuscation and multi-object biometric system.

A survey on biometrie template protection using cancelable biometric scheme

This paper introduces the concept of two-dimensional (2D) color barcode, also known as color quick response (QR) pattern generation, and integration as an automatic method to produce the cancelable biometric template with improved recognition accuracy. It includes various methodologies for multi-modal based generation of biometric template, cipher conversion, diversity, irreversible property, etc. In this work, based on application of different attributes to four different biometric traits combining feature selection and fusion techniques, subsequently three templates are generated. However, in general, cancelable biometrics(CB) come with some systematic template distortion, which directly depends on input biometric characteristics to protect sensitive information. This will degrade the system performance when input deals with multiple biometric traits in the multi-biometric system. To address these issues, with the notion of color variant QR pattern analysis, dynamic constrained random key generation is introduced to generate CB templates. These templates can replace all other existing CB systems without compromising the quality metrics due to an independent transformation model for an authentication factor.

Multi-modal compound biometric feature set security and person authentication using cancelable 2D color barcode pattern generation technique

This article presents hierarchical fusion models for multi-biometric systems with improved recognition rate. Isolated texture regions are used to encode spatial variations from the composite biometric image which is generated by signal level fusion scheme. In this paper, the prominent issues of the existing multi-biometric system, namely, fusion methodology, storage complexity, reliability and template security are discussed. Here wavelet decomposition driven multi-resolution approach is used to generate the composite images. Texture feature metrics are extracted from multi-level texture regions and principal component analyzes are evaluated to select potentially useful texture values during template creation. Here through consistency and correlation driven hierarchical feature selection both inter-class similarity and intra-class variance problems can be solved. Finally, t-normalized feature level fusion is incorporated as a last stage to create the most reliable template for the identification process. To ensure the security and add robustness to spoof attacks random key driven permutations are used to encrypt the generated multi-biometric templates before storing it in a database.  Our experimental results proved that the proposed hierarchical fusion and feature selection approach can embed fine detailed information about the input multi modal biometric images with the least complex identification process.

/pdf/texture-driven-hierarchical-fusion-for-multi-biometric-sys-5diujoe1d6.pdf

Texture Driven Hierarchical Fusion for Multi-Biometric Sys-tem

Received: 24 December 2019 Accepted: 27 February 2020 This paper introduces the texture alone fingerprint recognition system and uses a QR pattern to generate the cancelable biometric template with an improved probability of error. This proposed cancelable bio-cryptosystem inherits all the advantages of texture features from fingerprint biometric traits for a template generation, cipher transformation, and noninvertible properties, etc. Here, GLCM feature attributes are extracted from texture classified biometric images followed by feature selection and fusion techniques. And user key-driven random transformation is carried out for the transformed domain biometric template. And for cancelable biometric, some systematic QR patterns are generated, which directly depend on the transformed template. This will not degrade the system’s performance irrespective of randomizations used for non-invertible transforms.

/pdf/color-qr-pattern-driven-cancelable-biometric-fingerprint-378lmb1l8p.pdf

Devendra Reddy Rachapalli

Papers

A survey on biometrie template protection using cancelable biometric scheme

Multi-modal compound biometric feature set security and person authentication using cancelable 2D color barcode pattern generation technique

Texture Driven Hierarchical Fusion for Multi-Biometric Sys-tem

Color QR Pattern-Driven Cancelable Biometric Fingerprint System