Thermochemical conversion via co-pyrolysis has the potential to be an efficient route for converting biomass to bio-energy and bio-refinery products. In this review, the implementation of co-pyrolysis of torrefied biomass and coal was critically assessed against co-pyrolysis of raw biomass and coal from both a fundamental and engineering perspective. This evaluation showed fundamental advantages for torrefaction of biomass prior to co-pyrolysis such as a decrease in mass and heat transfer limitations due to an increase in permeability and thermal conductivity of biomass. Co-pyrolysis volatiles may also be upgraded through the catalytic activity of the torrefied biomass surface, producing higher quality oil. Due to properties more similar to coal, torrefied biomass requires less energy for milling (lower operating costs) and can be more easily blended with coal in reactor feeding systems. A state-of-the-art research on co-pyrolysis kinetics revealed that reactivities of blends may be predicted from kinetic parameters of individual feedstocks using an additive approach. To conclude on the preferred reactor design for this process, different reactors were evaluated based on heat transfer mode, operation and product formation. Although both the fluidized bed and rotating cone reactor provide high oil yields, the rotating cone has been more successful commercially. This design shows great promise for specifically co-pyrolysis due to the intimate contact that may be achieved between fuels to maximize synergy. The co-pyrolysis of torrefied biomass and coal may be encouraged from a scientific point of view, however further research is recommended on the effective integration of torrefaction and co-pyrolysis technologies.

https://hal-mines-albi.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02927962/document

Co-pyrolysis of coal and raw/torrefied biomass: A review on chemistry, kinetics and implementation

Silica nanoparticles have numerous applications including drug delivery, lightweight aggregates, and energy storage. It has been manufactured from different agricultural bioresources with limited research on palm kernel shell ash (PKSA). This study produced silica nanoparticles from palm kernel shell ash. Modified sol–gel extraction technique was used to produce the silica nanoparticles from PKSA. The extracted silica nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) techniques, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and Thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The microstructural analysis reveals that the unit size of the extracted silica nanoparticles is between 50–98 nm, with a very high specific surface area (438 m2 g−1). EDX confirmed the presence of SiO2 in the sample. FT-IR analysis shows the existence of silanol and siloxane groups. This success means, decrease in environmental contamination caused by indiscriminate disposal of palm kernel shell (PKS) and silica nanoparticles for advanced material applications.

Green technology extraction and characterisation of silica nanoparticles from palm kernel shell ash via sol–gel

Chemical composition, extraction sources and action mechanisms of essential oils: Natural preservative and limitations of use in meat products.

Ultrasound pre-treatment combined with microwave-assisted hydrodistillation of essential oils from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves and its chemical composition and biological activity

This study synthesized and characterized amorphous mesoporous silica from palm kernel shell ash. Sol–gel synthesis technique was used to produce the amorphous mesoporous silica from palm kernel shell ash. Silica is an affordable material with numerous applications including glass production, electronics and polymer materials, drug delivery and energy storage. It has been manufactured from different agricultural bio-resources with limited research on palm kernel shell ash (PKSA). The synthesized amorphous mesoporous silica was characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XRD patterns reveal the amorphous nature of the extracted amorphous silica, EDX confirmed the presence of SiO2, while FTIR analysis shows the existence of silanol and siloxane groups. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicate presence of physically adsorbed and chemically bound water. Silica yield after synthesis was 96.83%. This success means decreases in environmental contamination caused by indiscriminate disposal of palm kernel shell (PKS) and amorphous silica for advanced material applications including glass and ceramics, drug delivery.

Synthesis and characterization of amorphous mesoporous silica from palm kernel shell ash

Kinetics of mace (Myristicae arillus) essential oil extraction using microwave assisted hydrodistillation: Effect of microwave power

Pembuatan zat warna alami dilakukan dengan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol dan aquades, variasi volume pelarut yang digunakan 75, 150, dan 250 ml. Variasi waktu perendaman 6, 12, 24, dan 48 jam. Serbuk zat warna alami Brazilin dianalisis dengan FTIR dan diaplikasikan pada kain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semakin lama waktu ekstraksi dan volume pelarut yang digunakan, maka rendemen yang dihasilkan semakin banyak. Rendemen serbuk brazilin maksimal sebesar 6,316% pada waktu ekstraksi 48 jam menggunakan volume pelarut etanol 250 ml. Gugus fungsi brazilin memiliki ikatan tertentu diantaranya C-H, O-H, C-O, C=O, C=C alkena. Adanya gugus fungsi –OH menunjukkan adanya senyawa brazilin. Serbuk brazilin diaplikasikan pada kain dengan teknik celup, zat pengikat seperti tawas, kapur, dan tunjung mempengaruhi kenampakan warna yang dihasilkan pada kain. Kata kunci : zat warna, ekstraksi, maserasi, brazilin, teknik celup. A production of natural dyes can be done by maceration method with using ethanol solvent and distilled water (aquadest), variations of solvent volumes which used were 75, 150, and 250 ml. Soaking times variations were 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Brazilin natural dye powder was analyzed by FTIR and applied to industry. The research results showed the longer of the extraction time and the volume of the used solvents, resulted in the higher yield. Yield of Brazilin powder maximum was 6.316% on the extraction time during 48 hours with using ethanol solvent of 250 ml. Functional groups of Brazilin have specific bond among CH, OH, CO, C = O, C = C alkenes. The existence of the functional groups -OH indicates the brazilin compound. Brazilin powder was applied to industry with dye techniques, binding agents such as alum, lime, and lotus ( tunjung ) which affected the appearance of the fabric color. Keyword : natural dyes, extraction, maceration, brazilin, dye technique.

/pdf/pemungutan-brazilin-dari-kayu-secang-caesalpinia-sappan-l-5fpef5yzm3.pdf

Pemungutan Brazilin Dari Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia Sappan L) Dengan Metode Maserasi Dan Aplikasinya Untuk Pewarnaan Kain

The utilization of biomass as a source of new and
renewable energy is being carried out. One of the technologies to
convert biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis which is converting
biomass into more valuable products, such as bio-oil. Bio-oil is a
liquid which is produced by steam condensation process from the
pyrolysis of coconut shells. The composition of a coconut shell e.g.
hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin will be oxidized to phenolic
compounds as the main component of the bio-oil. The phenolic
compounds in bio-oil are corrosive; they cause various difficulties in
the combustion system because of a high viscosity, low calorific
value, corrosiveness, and instability. Phenolic compounds are very
valuable components which phenol has used as the main component
for the manufacture of antiseptic, disinfectant (known as Lysol) and 
deodorizer. The experiments typically occurred at the atmospheric
pressure in a pyrolysis reactor at temperatures ranging from 300 
C to
350 
o
C with a heating rate of 10 
o
C/min and a holding time of 1 hour
at the pyrolysis temperature. The Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to analyze the bio-oil components.
The obtained bio-oil has the viscosity of 1.46 cP, the density of 1.50
g/cm
3
Analysis of Bio-Oil Produced by Pyrolysis of
Coconut Shell 
, the calorific value of 16.9 MJ/kg, and the molecular weight of
1996.64. By GC-MS, the analysis of bio-oil showed that it contained
phenol (40.01%), ethyl ester (37.60%), 2-methoxy-phenol (7.02%),
furfural (5.45%), formic acid (4.02%), 1-hydroxy-2-butanone
(3.89%), and 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione (2.01%)

/pdf/analysis-of-bio-oil-produced-by-pyrolysis-of-coconut-shell-3yjxzt4a7d.pdf

Analysis of Bio-Oil Produced by Pyrolysis of Coconut Shell

In this study, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as waste from sugarcane factory was
extracted into silica powder. This powder was then used as adsorbent for ethanol purification.
Prior to used, the SCBA was washed using HCl solution. The silica extraction was conducted
using various NaOH concentrations (0.5; 1; 1.5 and 2 mol/L) as well as extraction times (30, 60
and 90 minutes). After that the mixture was precipitated using HCl solution. The solution was
filtrated through a paper filter and its solid particle was dried until its weight was constant. The
particle was grounded and sieved using 18 mesh sieves. The silica powder obtained was
analysed using FTIR and its result showed that the powder has silica functional groups. The
silica yield increases with increasing of concentration of NaOH solution as well as extraction
time. The highest silica yield (45.5% w/w) was achieved at 2 mol/L NaOH solution at 90 min.
The surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume of silica powder were measured to be 407
m2
/g, 3.81A, and 2.76 dm3

/g, respectively. From application of silica powder as adsorbent in
adsorptive-distillation, ethanol concentration can reach 99.3% w/w which indicates azeotropic
point can be passed.

/pdf/synthesis-of-silica-powder-from-sugar-cane-bagasse-ash-and-3967fx37sh.pdf

Dewi Selvia Fardhyanti

Papers

Kinetics of mace (Myristicae arillus) essential oil extraction using microwave assisted hydrodistillation: Effect of microwave power

Pemungutan Brazilin Dari Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia Sappan L) Dengan Metode Maserasi Dan Aplikasinya Untuk Pewarnaan Kain

Analysis of Bio-Oil Produced by Pyrolysis of Coconut Shell

Synthesis of Silica Powder from Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash and Its Application as Adsorbent in Adsorptive-distillation of Ethanol-water Solution

Complex Extraction of Phenol, o-Cresol and p-Cresol from Model Coal Tar Using Methanol and Acetone Solutions