OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antibacterial potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria by determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extracts from the galls of Q. infectoria at 10 mg/ml were screened against three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli NCTC 12079 serotype O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium NCTC 74 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853). The MIC of the extracts were then determined using the twofold serial microdilution technique at a concentration ranging from 5 mg/ml to 0.0024 mg/ml. The MBC values were finally obtained from the MIC microtiter wells which showed no turbidity after 24 hrs of incubation by subculturing method. 
RESULTS: Out of the six bacterial species tested, S. aureus was the most susceptible. On the other hand, the extracts showed weak inhibitory effect against S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa while there was no inhibition zone observed for E. coli O157. The MIC values of the extracts ranged from 0.0781 mg/ml to 1.25 mg/ml whereas the MBC values ranged from 0.3125 mg/ml to 2.50 mg/ml. The MBC values of aqueous extract against S. aureus and S. typhimurium were higher than their MIC values. The MBC value of acetone extract against S. aureus was also higher than its MIC value. Interestingly, however, the MIC and MBC values of acetone extract against S. typhimurium were the same (1.25 mg/ml). 
CONCLUSION: The aqueous and acetone extracts displayed similarities in their antimicrobial activity on the bacterial species and as such, the galls of Quercus infectoria are potentially good source of antimicrobial agents.

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Research Paper - The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents

Mulberry plants belonging to the Moraceae family have been grown for the purpose of being the nutrient source for silk worm and raw materials for the preparation of jams, marmalades, vinegars, juices, wines, and cosmetics. Morus nigra L. (black mulberry) is native to Southwestern Asia, and it has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for animals and humans. In this article, recent research progress on various biological and pharmacological properties of extracts, fractions, and isolated active constituents from different parts of M. nigra are reviewed. M. nigra exhibited a wide-spectrum of biological and pharmacological therapeutic effects including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-melanogenic, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anticancer activities. M. nigra also showed protective effects against various human organs and systems, mainly based on its antioxidant capacity. These findings strongly suggest that M. nigra can be used as a promising nutraceutical resource to control and prevent various chronic diseases.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/2/437/pdf

Pharmacological Properties of Morus nigra L. (Black Mulberry) as A Promising Nutraceutical Resource

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE\nGinger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a well known anti-inflammatory drug in the Egyptian, Indian and Chinese folk medicines, yet its mechanism of action is unclear.\n\n\nAIM OF THE STUDY\nTo explore its mechanism of action and to correlate it to its biophytochemicals.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nVarious extracts viz. water, 50%, 70%, 80%, and 90% ethanol were prepared from ginger rhizomes. Fractionation of the aqueous extract (AE) was accomplished using Diaion HP-20. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the different extracts and isolated compounds was evaluated using protein denaturation inhibition, membrane stabilization, protease inhibition, and anti-lipoxygenase assays. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of AE was estimated using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in rats at doses 25, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg b.wt.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAll the tested extracts showed significant (p< 0.1) in vitro anti-inflammatory activities. The strongest anti-lipoxygenase activity was observed for AE that was more significant than that of diclofenac (58% and 52%, respectively) at the same concentration (125μg/ml). Purification of AE led to the isolation of 6-poradol (G1), 6-shogaol (G2); methyl 6- gingerol (G3), 5-gingerol (G4), 6-gingerol (G5), 8-gingerol (G6), 10-gingerol (G7), and 1-dehydro-6-gingerol (G8). G1, G2 and G8 exhibited potent activity in all the studied assays, while G4 and G5 exhibited moderate activity. In vivo administration of AE ameliorated rat paw edema in a dose-dependent manner. AE (at 200mg/kg) showed significant reduction in production of PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity by 60%, 57%, 60%, 41%, 32% and 67%, respectively. AE at 100 and 200mg/kg was equipotent to indomethacin in reduction of NOx level and in increasing the total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Histopathological examination revealed very few inflammatory cells infiltration and edema after administration of AE (200mg/kg) prior to carrageenan.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nGinger anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by inhibiting macrophage and neutrophils activation as well as negatively affecting monocyte and leukocyte migration. This was evidenced by the dose-dependent decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and replenishment the total antioxidant capacity.

The Hidden Mechanism beyond Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Potent in vivo and in vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Nutritional constituents of mulberry and their potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals: A review.

Essential oils (EOs) seem to be more versatile and consist of a variety of volatile and organic biological active substances that are also employed as the better substitutes in the bacteria, fungal and various food sectors. Many researchers have done detailed research about the antibacterial property of essential oils and their respective inhabitants. While several pioneering works in the past have explained the mode of action of some compounds, an extensive understanding of most of the substances and their molecular mechanisms is still lacking. In particular, the bioactivity characteristics of EOs were evaluated by the main components found in these. These components were commonly utilized in the applications of bactericidal, fungicidal, medicinal and antioxidant drugs. The oils bioactivity can be contrasted with the behavior of pharmaceutical formulations which are produced synthetically. Consequently, essential oils are showing promise organic extracts that require further analysis in the nutrition or pharmaceutical companies for potential applications as supplements, additives or antibacterial. Because of their diverse activities like antifungal and antibacterial characteristics, essential oils may be utilized as alternate additives to improve the grain and seed shelf life. This review aims to provide a summary of existing information on the antibacterial and antifungal properties of EOs, their mechanism, and ingredients in identifying the areas of study that can promote the implementation in various bacterial and fungal properties. 

Essential oils and its antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidant activity applications: A review

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Extract for Acne Treatment

https://mail.phcogj.com/sites/default/files/PharmacognJ-10-447_452.pdf

Correlation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Carotenoid Content of Phyllanthus emblica Extract from Bandung with DPPH Scavenging Activities

Background: Acne is a skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the polisebasea that often occurs in adolescence Utilization of the black mulberry fruit with a high phenolic is one alternative for the treatment of acne

Aims and Objectives: The aims of this research are to develop and test a peel-off mask gel prepared from black mulberries (Morus nigra) extracts, which has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes

Materials and Methods: Black mulberry fruit was extracted with the maceration method by using ethanol (96%) Then, the antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by the disc-diffusion method, while the mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mean bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the microdilution method Then, the extract was formulated into the base of the peel-off mask gel containing variations in concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (7%, 9%, and 10%) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (2% and 25%) The formulations prepared were evaluated for their physical properties, including organoleptic behavior, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drying time Irritation tests were performed, and antibacterial activity of the formulation was also assessed 

Results: The results showed that the black mulberry fruit extract has antibacterial activity with MIC value of 25% against S epidermidis and P acnes, while MBC values were 25% and 5%, respectively Formulations with the best results of physical evaluation were obtained for the formula containing polyvinyl alcohol at 7% and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose at 25% The antibacterial activity of the peel-off mask gel formulation from black mulberries (M nigra) extract occurs with 3 × MIC and produce inhibition zone 611 ± 32 mm against S epidermidis and 543 ± 06 mm against P acnes 

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the peel-off mask gel prepared from black mulberry (M nigra) fruit extract is effective as well as safe to be used as a topical preparation

Peel-off gel formulation from black mulberries (Morus nigra) extract as anti-acne mask

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity, and Mode of Action on Morus nigra

https://mail.phcogj.com/sites/default/files/PJ-12-2-372.pdf

Chemical Constituents, Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Elephant Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. officinale) and Emprit Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) Essential Oils

Diah Lia Aulifa

Papers

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Extract for Acne Treatment

Correlation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Carotenoid Content of Phyllanthus emblica Extract from Bandung with DPPH Scavenging Activities

Peel-off gel formulation from black mulberries (Morus nigra) extract as anti-acne mask

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity, and Mode of Action on Morus nigra

Chemical Constituents, Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Elephant Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. officinale) and Emprit Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) Essential Oils